Formula Reference

Formula Overview

Formulas in Spread.Sheets include operators and functions that follow certain syntax rules and allow you to perform a range of calculations. These topics introduce the concepts you need to make full use of the built-in functions and extensive capability of formulas:

What is a Formula?

Formulas can consist of values, operators, and functions. Data can be from other cells, a combination of data in another cell and hard-coded data (for example, A1 + 2), or simply hardcoded data (for example, SUM(4,5)). Formulas can perform mathematical operations, such as addition and multiplication, on values in other cells or they can compare values in other cells. Formulas can refer to cells in the same sheet by their absolute cell location or relative to the cell with the formula in it; they can refer to individual cells or a range of contiguous cells. If the values in the referenced cells change, then the value of the formula cell changes.
Formulas can be made up of:
cell references and cell ranges (notation indicating address of cell or cells) operators (that act on one or two values) built-in functions (predefined formulas) constants or array of constants (values you enter that do not change) See the Sample Formula topic for more information.

Sample Formula

Use the setFormula method in the Worksheet class for specifying the formula. Returning the value of the formula property provides a string containing the written expression of the formula, for example,
SUM(A1:B1).

In code the setting of a formula would look something like this in JavaScript (for illustration purposes only):

sheet.getCell(2, 0).formula = "SUM(A1:A10)"

and if added in the cell by the end user:

=SUM(A1:A10)

In this documentation, where examples are shown, the formula appears as:
SUM(A1:A10)

or

SUM(3,4,5) gives the result 12 to express that the result of the formula would display the value of 12 in the cell.

Cell References in a Formula

A formula can refer to constant values or cell references. If a value in any of the referenced cells changes, the result of the formula changes. If you use constant values in the formula instead of references to the cells, the result changes only if you modify the formula (or values in the formula).

If a new row is added right before or after a cell range in a formula then the range does not include the new row.

The following topics describe the different notation styles and reference types:

· A1 Notation
· R1C1 Notation
· Relative and Absolute

Each cell can be referenced by a combination of its column letter (A through Z, then AA to ZZ, AAA to ZZZ, etc.) and row number (1 and beyond) for a total of 2,147,483,648 rows and columns. For example, D50 refers to the cell at the intersection of column D and row 50. To refer to a range of cells, enter the reference for the cell in the upper-left corner of the range, a colon (:), and then the reference to the cell in the lower-right corner of the range.

4.1.2.2 R1C1 Notation

Each cell can be referenced by its row and column number by preceding each by the letter "R" for row and the letter "C" for column. For example R1C3 is the cell in the first row and third column.

A1 Cell R1C1 Cell

Description Ref. Ref.

B12 R12C2 Cell in the second column (column B) and twelfth row (row 12)

R14C4:

D14:D48

R48C4

The range of cells in the fourth column (column D) and in rows 14 through 48

R16C5:

E16:H16

R16C8

The range of cells in the sixteenth row (row 16) in the fifth through the eighth column (columns E through H)

R25C1:

A25:E70

R70C5

The range of cells in the first five columns (column A through E) and rows 25 through 70

4.1.2.3 Relative and Absolute

A relative cell reference is a reference to a cell relative to the position of the cell with the formula. An absolute reference is a cell reference that always refers to a cell by its exact location in the sheet and not with reference to the present cell.

Relative references automatically adjust when you copy them and absolute references do not. The widget can use absolute or relative cell references. You can define the cell reference style for each sheet by using the ReferenceStyle property. The formula does not support a range reference that contains both absolute and relative row or column references. In other words, the start and end rows in a range reference have to match (both absolute or both relative). The following table contains examples of valid relative cell references in formulas.

Function Description

SUM(A1:A10) Sums rows 1 through 10 in the first column

PI( )*C6 Multiplies pi times the value in cell C6

Adds the values in the first two cells and multiplies the result by the value in the

(A1 + B1) * C1

third cell

IF(A1>5, A1*2,Checks if the contents of cell A1 are greater than 5, and if so, multiplies the A1*3) contents of cell A1 by 2, or else multiplies the contents of cell A1 by 3

For A1 notation, use a dollar sign ($) preceding the row or column (or both) to indicate an absolute reference. For example

$A$1 absolute first column, absolute first row

$A1 absolute first column, relative row plus one

A$1 relative column plus one, absolute first row

A1 relative column plus one, relative row plus one

For R1C1 notation, use brackets [ ] around the row or column number (or both) to indicate a relative reference. For example

R1C1	absolute first row, absolute first column
R1C[1]	absolute first row, relative column plus one
R[1]C1	relative row plus one, absolute first column
R[1]C[1]	relative row plus one, relative column plus one
R[-1]C[-1]	relative row minus one, relative column minus one

In this notation, the number inside the brackets is an offset from the current cell. This number may be a negative or positive integer or zero. Leaving off the offset entirely is short hand way of indicating a zero offset. So,

RC2 is equivalent to R[0]C2

R[3]C is equivalent to R[3]C[0]

4.1.3 Sheet References in a Formula

A formula can have references to cells on the same sheet or to cells on other sheets, as well as ranges of cells on sheets.

In the examples shown below, we use A1 (Letter-Number) notation for the cell reference, but the same would be valid for R1C1 (Number-Number) notation. Simply precede the cell reference, regardless of the style, with the sheet name as described here.

When a reference to a cell includes a reference to a cell on another sheet, this is called cross-sheet referencing.

An example of cross-sheet referencing in a formula that uses the addition operator would be:

(FirstRoundData!A2 + SecondRoundData!A2)

where the name of one sheet is "FirstRoundData" and the name of another sheet is

"SecondRoundData". Sheet names precede the cell reference with the name of the sheet followed by an exclamation point (!). This formula could be on any sheet in the Spread since it explicitly names the sheets of each of the cells as operands. This example adds the values in the cell A2 on two different sheets. By making the sheet name explicit there is no confusion as to which cell A2 is meant. If you do not include the sheet name, the current sheet (in which the formula exists) is used. If the formula in the above example was on the SecondRoundData page, then the formula could be written as:

(FirstRoundData!A2 + A2)

It might be less confusing to put the cell on the current page first, as in:

(A2 + FirstRoundData!A2)

As long as the sheet name conforms to normal variable name rules (with the first character being a letter or an underscore and the remaining characters being letters, digits, or underscores) then the formula can use just the sheet name followed by the exclamation point. Otherwise, the sheet name needs to be enclosed in single quotes. If the sheet name itself contains a single quote, then use two single quotes in the formula. For example, if the name of the sheet includes a single quote (or apostrophe) as in these names for sales of a given month, then a reference to the sheet would look like this in a formula:

('November''s Sales'!A2 + 'December''s Sales'!A2)

with two single quotes (or apostrophes) before the s. If the sheet name has a space, use single quotes around the sheet name. In the following example the sheet name is East Coast Sales.

('East Coast Sales'!A2 + 'West Coast Sales'!A1)

If you have a quote in the name of the sheet, you need to add the delimiter that is required for that language. For instance, in C#, if the sheet name is "Zippy" Sales, where the quotes are part of the sheet name, a formula that includes a reference to this sheet might look like this:

('/"Zippy/" Sales'!A2 + 'West Coast Sales'!A1)

where a single quotes surrounds the entire sheet name and the backslash (/) delimiter precedes the quotes. For Visual Basic, you would use two double quote characters as in:

('""Zippy"" Sales'!A2 + 'West Coast Sales'!A1)

For cross-sheet referencing of a range of cells in another page, precede the range with the sheet name. For example:

SUM(SecondRoundData!A2:A10)

This adds the values in cells A2 to A10 of the sheet named SecondRoundData. There is no reason to include the sheet name in the second half of the range reference since the cells are on the same sheet. You cannot specify two different sheets in a range; a range of cells is only on a particular sheet, not between sheets.

4.1.4 Operators in a Formula

The following table lists the available operators. For each operator, an example is given of the syntax of using a literal value as well as a cell reference. The type of value returned is given for each type of operator.

Type of Operator	Example Syntax		Result
Operator Binary Operators	Description	Literal & Literal	Cell Ref & Literal	Type Returned
+	Add	5 + 3	A1 + 3	double
–	Subtract	5 – 3	A1 – 3	double
*	Multiply	5 * 3	A1 * 3	double
/	Divide	5 / 3	A1 / 3	double
^	Exponent	5 ^ 3	A1 ^ 3	double
&	Concatenate	"F" & "p"	A1 & "p"	string
=	Equal		A1 <> 3	boolean
<>	Not Equal		A1 = 3	boolean
<	Less Than		A1 <3	boolean
>	Greater Than		A1 > 3	boolean
<=	Less Than Or Equal		A1 <= 3	boolean
>= Unary Operators	Greater Than Or Equal		A1 >= 3	boolean
-	Negate	-(5/3)	-(A1/3)	double
+	Plus	+(5/3)	+(A1/3)	double
%	Percent	(5/3)%	(A1/3)%	double

Operators specify the type of calculation that you want to perform on the elements of a formula. Most of the operators return double-precision floating point values for mathematical operations and boolean (or logical) values for comparison operators.

In Spread.Sheets, all arithmetic operators (including the unary +) check their arguments and return a #VALUE error if any of the arguments are strings that cannot be converted to a number. This is mathematically correct behavior and cannot be overridden. For example, the three formulas +B5 and 0+B5 and --B5 should all produce the same result and, in Spread.Sheets, they do.

For more information about operators, see Order of Precedence and Operators with Dates and Times.

4.1.4.1 Order of Precedence

When there are several operators in a formula, the formula performs the operations in a specific order. The formula is parsed from left to right, according to a specific order for each operator or function in the formula. You can prioritize the order of operations by using parentheses in the formula.

If you combine several operators in a single formula, the operations are performed in the order shown in the following table. Unary operations precede binary operations. If a formula contains operators with the same precedence, the operators are evaluated from left to right. To change the order of evaluation, enclose the part of the formula to be calculated first in parentheses; this has the highest precedence. Where the order of precedence is the same for two operators, the formula is evaluated from left to right.

Order of Precedence from Highest to Lowest

Operator Description

left to right Direction

( ) Parentheses (for grouping)

– Negate

+ Plus

% Percent

^ Exponent

* and /	Multiply and Divide
+ and -	Add and Subtract
&	Concatenate
=, <, >, <=, >=, <>	Compare

4.1.4.2 Operators with Dates and Times

You can use several of the operators with dates and times as summarized here:

Operator	Type of Operation	Result
Plus	+ TimeSpan	TimeSpan
Negate	- TimeSpan	TimeSpan
Add	DateTime + TimeSpan	DateTime
Add	TimeSpan + DateTime	DateTime
Add	TimeSpan + TimeSpan	TimeSpan
Subtract	DateTime - DateTime	TimeSpan
Subtract	DateTime - TimeSpan	DateTime
Subtract	TimeSpan - TimeSpan	DateTime

The same order of precedence applies, including use of parentheses, as described in Order of Precedence.

If a DateTime or TimeSpan calculation results in an exception (for example, an OverflowException), the operator returns the #NUM! error.

4.1.5 Wildcard Characters in a Formula

You can use the wildcard character in formulas to search for values. The wildcard character can be used in formulas that have a criteria argument.

The following wildcard characters can be used as comparison criteria for functions when searching.

Character Finds Example

? (question mark) Any single character sm?th finds "smith" and "smyth"

*east finds "Northeast" and

* (asterisk) Any number of characters

"Southeast"

A question mark, asterisk, or

~ (tilde) followed by ?, *, or ~ fy91~? finds "fy91?"

tilde

The following formulas support the wildcard character:

· AVERAGEIF

· AVERAGEIFS

· COUNTIF

· COUNTIFS

· DAVERAGE

· DGET

· DMAX

· DMIN

· DPRODUCT

· DSTDEV

· DSTDEVP

· DSUM

· DVAR

· DVARP

· HLOOKUP

· MATCH

· SEARCH

· SUMIF

· SUMIFS

· VLOOKUP

The wildcard character can only be used with an equal string.

Using Code

This example uses the wildcard character to search for items that contain an "a".

JavaScript Copy Code

activeSheet.setValue(0, 0, 'abc'); activeSheet.setValue(1, 0, 'ac'); activeSheet.setValue(2, 0, 'a*');

activeSheet.getCell(0, 1).formula('COUNTIF(A1:A3,"a*")'); //start with a activeSheet.getCell(1, 1).formula('COUNTIF(A1:A3,"a?")'); //"a" and only one other character activeSheet.getCell(2, 1).formula('COUNTIF(A1:A3,"a~*")'); // should be "a*"

4.1.6 Functions in a Formula

Functions are code segments that perform calculations by using specific values, called arguments, in a particular order that can be used in formulas. For example, the SUM function adds values or ranges of cells and the PMT function calculates the loan payments based on an interest rate, the length of the loan, and the principal amount of the loan. Functions may be either built-in functions that come with Spread or user-defined functions that you create.

Arguments can be numbers, text, logical values, arrays, cell ranges, cell references, or error values. The value you use for an argument must be valid for the given function. Arguments can also be constants, formulas, or other functions. Using a function as an argument for another function is known as nesting a function. Some arguments are optional; this reference displays "[Optional]" before the description of the argument for those arguments that are not required.

The structure of a function begins with the function name, followed by an opening parenthesis, the arguments for the function separated by commas, and a closing parenthesis. If you are entering the function into a cell directly, type an equal sign (=) before the function name.

This widget has the following types of functions:

· Database Functions

· Date and Time

· Engineering Functions

· Financial Functions

· Information Functions

· Logical Functions

· Lookup Functions

· Math and Trigonometry

· Statistical Functions

· Text Functions

· Volatile Functions

For more information, see the following topics:

· Database Functions

· Date and Time Functions

· Complex Numbers

· Day Count Basis

· Optional and Missing Arguments

· Volatile Functions

4.1.6.1 Database Functions

Database functions apply a mathematical or statistical operation to a subset of values in a range of cells treated as a database. The database table can be thought of as a two-dimensional array organized into rows and columns. Or it can be thought of as a one-dimensional array of records where each record is a structure that has one or more fields. In the context of database tables, the terms "row" and "record" mean the same thing and the terms "column" and "field" mean the same thing. Database refers to a range of cells where the first row in the range represents field labels. The remaining rows in the range represent records. The columns in the range represent fields.

4.1.6.2 Date and Time Functions

For most of these functions you can specify the date argument as a DateTime object, as in the result of a function such as DATE(2003,7,4), or a TimeSpan object, as in the result of a function such as TIME(12,0,0). For compatibility with Excel, it also allows dates to be specified as a number (as in 37806.5) or as a string (as in "7/4/2003 12:00"). The numbers and strings are converted to instances of the DateTime class.

Dates as numeric values are in the form x.y, where x is the "number of days since December 30, 1899" and y is the fraction of day. Numbers to the left represent the date. Times as numeric values are decimal fractions ranging from 0 to 0.99999999, representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 A.M.) to 23:59:59 (11:59:59 P.M.).

The following three formulas produce the same result:

YEAR(DATE(2004,8,9))

YEAR(38208)

YEAR("8/9/2004")

In Excel, dates can range from 01/01/1900 to 12/31/9999, and in the .NET framework, instances of the DateTime class can range from 01/01/0001 to 12/31/9999. In Spread.Sheets, we generally support the larger range found in the .NET framework. For Excel compatibility there are a few cases where the function allows only the smaller range (for example, the DATE function can only be used to enter dates since 01/01/1900).

Both Excel and OLE automation use doubles to represent dates and times, with the integer portion of the double representing the number of days from a base date. In Excel, the base date that is used is 01/01/1900 and the year 1900 is treated as a leap year. In OLE automation, Microsoft corrected this by using the base date of 12/31/1899. As OLE automation does, our spreadsheets treat 1900 as a non-leap year and thus use the base date of 12/31/1899.

4.1.6.3 Complex Numbers

Many of the engineering functions involve complex numbers. A complex number consists of two parts, a real part and an imaginary part. Consider a complex number as being a point (x,y) in a plane. The real number is similar to a point (x,0) on the x-axis of the plane. Note that real numbers are a subset of complex numbers with zero for the coefficient of the imaginary part.

There is not a complex number data type. Instead, complex numbers are represented using strings of the form "x+yi" where x and y are real numbers and x is the real part and yi is the imaginary part. For example:

"2+3i"

"1.23E4+5.67E8i"

Note that if either the real part or the imaginary part is zero then the zero part can be optionally omitted from the text representation. For example:

"3" is equivalent to "3+0i"

"4i" is equivalent to "0+4i"

Since real numbers are a subset of complex numbers, a real number can be used in place of a string of the form "x+yi". For example:

3 is equivalent to "3+0i"

The functions that return a complex number return a string of the form "x+yi". For example:

COMPLEX(3,5) returns "3+5i"

The functions that accept a complex number can accept either a number or a string of the form "x +yi". For example:

IMSUM("1+2i", "3+4i") returns "4+6i"

IMSUM(1, 3) returns "4"

When a string cannot be converted to a number Spread returns a #VALUE error. For example:

COS("abc") returns #VALUE!

IMCOS("abc") returns #VALUE!

Spread allows either suffix "j" or the suffix "i" to denote the imaginary part. For example:

"3+4j" is equivalent to "3+4i"

Spread allows mixed suffixes in the a given formula and always returns the "i" suffix. For example:

IMSUM("1+2i","3+4i") returns "4+6i"

IMSUM("1+2j","3+4j") returns "4+6i"

IMSUM("1+2i","3+4j") returns "4+6i"

Spread does not allow spaces before the real part or before the imaginary part. For example:

IMABS("3+4i") returns 5

IMABS(" 3+4i") returns #VALUE!

IMABS("3 +4i") returns #VALUE!

IMABS("3+4i ") returns #VALUE!

4.1.6.4 Day Count Basis

For many of the financial functions, the day count basis is used:

Basis Number Day Count Basis

0 (or omitted) United States of America (NASD) 30/360

1 Actual/Actual

2 Actual/360

3 Actual/365

4 European 30/360

[NASD is the National Association of Securities Dealers.]

4.1.6.5 Optional and Missing Arguments

Some functions have a variable number of arguments with some (typically the last) arguments being optional. These are displayed in this reference with the word Optional in brackets "[Optional]" before the argument in the table of arguments. For example, consider the payment function (PMT) which has five arguments with the last two being optional. In Spread.Sheets, you can make any of the following calls:

PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)

PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv)

PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,)

PMT(rate,nper,pv,,type)

PMT(rate,nper,pv,,)

PMT(rate,nper,pv)

The optional arguments may be omitted. Any missing optional argument is handled with the default value being passed. For example FIXED(1234.5678,,FALSE)

evaluates the same as

FIXED(1234.5678,2,FALSE)

since the default value for the number of decimal places is 2.

Missing arguments are intended to be used with functions that have optional arguments. If a missing argument is passed in for a required argument then the function will evaluate to the #N/A error.

4.1.6.6 Volatile Functions

Formulas that contain volatile functions are recalculated every time any other function is recalculated or a cell value is changed.

4.1.7 Arrays in a Formula

Formulas may include functions that operate on arrays. Spread.Sheets supports array constants in formulas. Use curly brackets { } to enclose the array elements. Use a comma to separate elements within a row. Use a semicolon to separate rows within the array. Individual elements can be number values, text values, logical values, or error values. Some examples of arrays are:

CORREL({5,10,15,20,25},{4,8,16,32,64})

CORREL({73000,45000,40360},{42,70,40})

ROWS({1,2,3;4,5,6})

4.1.8 Resultant Error Values

The values that can be displayed in a cell as a result of an invalid entry or invalid formula are as follows:

Value Description

This displays when a formula includes a division by zero or when a formula uses, in the #DIV/0!

divisor, a cell reference to a blank cell or to a cell that contains zero.

#N/A This displays when a value is not available to a function or formula.

This displays when text in a formula is not recognized or when the name of a function is

#NAME? misspelled, or when including text without using double quotation marks. This can also happen when you omit a colon (:) in a cell range reference.

This displays when you specify an intersection of two areas that do not intersect. Possible

#NULL!

causes include a mistyped reference operator or a mistyped cell reference.

This displays when a number in a formula or function can not be calculated, when a formula produces a number that is too large or too small to represent, or when using an

#NUM! unacceptable argument in a function that requires a number. If you are using a function that iterates, such as IRR or RATE, and the function cannot find a result, this value is displayed.

This displays when a cell reference is not valid or when you deleted cells referred to by a

#REF!

formula.

This displays when the wrong type of argument or operand is used, such as using text

#VALUE! when the formula requires a number or a logical value, or using a range instead of a single value.

Spreadsheet Formula

4.2 Spreadsheet Formula Functions

Spreadsheet provides these built-in functions, listed alphabetically.

ABS	ACCRINT	ACCRINTM
ACOS	ACOSH	ADDRESS
AMORDEGRC	AMORLINC	AND
ASIN	ASINH	ATAN
ATAN2	ATANH	AVEDEV
AVERAGE	AVERAGEA	AVERAGEIF
AVERAGEIFS	BESSELI	BESSELJ
BESSELK	BESSELY	BETADIST
BETA.DIST	BETAINV	BETA.INV
BIN2DEC	BIN2HEX	BIN2OCT
BINOMDIST	BINOM.DIST	BINOM.INV
CEILING	CEILING.PRECISE	CHAR
CHIDIST	CHIINV	CHISQ.DIST
CHISQ.DIST.RT	CHISQ.INV	CHISQ.INV.RT
CHISQ.TEST	CHITEST	CHOOSE
CLEAN	CODE	COLUMN
COLUMNS	COMBIN	COMPLEX
CONCATENATE	CONFIDENCE	CONFIDENCE.NORM
CONFIDENCE.T	CONVERT	CORREL
COS	COSH	COUNT
COUNTA	COUNTBLANK	COUNTIF
COUNTIFS	COUPDAYBS	COUPDAYS
COUPDAYSNC	COUPNCD	COUPNUM
COUPPCD	COVAR	COVARIANCE.P
COVARIANCE.S	CRITBINOM	CUMIPMT
CUMPRINC
DATE	DATEDIF	DATEVALUE
DAVERAGE	DAY	DAYS360
DB	DCOUNT	DCOUNTA
DDB	DEC2BIN	DEC2HEX
DEC2OCT	DEGREES	DELTA
DEVSQ	DGET	DISC
DMAX	DMIN	DOLLAR
DOLLARDE	DOLLARFR	DPRODUCT
DSTDEV	DSTDEVP	DSUM
DURATION	DVAR	DVARP
EDATE	EFFECT	EOMONTH
ERF	ERF.PRECISE	ERFC
ERFC.PRECISE	ERROR.TYPE	EURO
EUROCONVERT	EVEN	EXACT
EXP	EXPONDIST	EXPON.DIST

FACT	FACTDOUBLE	FALSE
FDIST	F.DIST	F.DIST.RT
FIND	FINV	F.INV
F.INV.RT	FISHER	FISHERINV
FIXED	FLOOR	FLOOR.PRECISE
FORECAST	FREQUENCY	FTEST
F.TEST	FV	FVSCHEDULE
GAMMADIST	GAMMA.DIST	GAMMAINV
GAMMA.INV	GAMMALN	GAMMALN.PRECISE
GCD	GEOMEAN	GESTEP
GROWTH	HARMEAN	HEX2BIN
HEX2DEC	HEX2OCT	HLOOKUP
HOUR	HYPGEOMDIST	HYPGEOM.DIST
IF	IFERROR	IMABS
IMAGINARY	IMARGUMENT	IMCONJUGATE
IMCOS	IMDIV	IMEXP
IMLN	IMLOG2	IMLOG10
IMPOWER	IMPRODUCT	IMREAL
IMSIN	IMSQRT	IMSUB
IMSUM	INDEX	INDIRECT
INT	INTERCEPT	INTRATE
IPMT	IRR	ISBLANK
ISERR	ISERROR	ISEVEN
ISLOGICAL	ISNA	ISNONTEXT
ISNUMBER	ISO.CEILING	ISODD
ISPMT	ISREF	ISTEXT
KURT	LARGE	LCM
LEFT	LEN	LINEST
LN	LOG	LOG10
LOGEST	LOGINV	LOGNORMDIST
LOGNORM.DIST	LOGNORM.INV	LOOKUP
LOWER
MATCH	MAX	MAXA
MDETERM	MDURATION	MEDIAN
MID	MIN	MINA
MINUTE	MINVERSE	MIRR
MMULT	MOD	MODE
MODE.MULT	MODE.SNGL	MONTH
MROUND	MULTINOMIAL	NEGBINOMDIST
NEGBINOM.DIST	N	NA

NETWORKDAYS	NETWORKDAYS.INTL		NOMINAL
NORMDIST	NORM.DIST		NORMINV
NORM.INV	NORMSDIST		NORM.S.DIST
NORMSINV	NORM.S.INV		NOT
NOW	NPER		NPV
OCT2BIN	OCT2DEC		OCT2HEX
ODD	ODDFPRICE		ODDFYIELD
ODDLPRICE	ODDLYIELD		OFFSET
OR	OFFSET
PEARSON	PERCENTILE		PERCENTILE.EXC
PERCENTILE.INC	PERCENTRANK		PERCENTRANK.EXC
PERCENTRANK.INC	PERMUT		PI
PMT	POISSON		POISSON.DIST
POWER	PPMT		PRICE
PRICEDISC	PRICEMAT		PROB
PRODUCT	PROPER		PV
QUARTILE	QUARTILE.EXC		QUARTILE.INC
QUOTIENT	RADIANS		RAND
RANDBETWEEN	RANK		RANK.AVG
RANK.EQ	RATE		RECEIVED
REFRESH	REPLACE		REPT
RIGHT	ROMAN		ROUND
ROUNDDOWN	ROUNDUP		ROW
ROWS	RSQ
SEARCH	SECOND			SERIESSUM
SIGN	SIN			SINH
SKEW	SLN			SLOPE
SMALL	SQRT			SQRTPI
STANDARDIZE	STDEV			STDEVA
STDEVP	STDEV.P			STDEVPA
STDEV.S	STEYX			SUBSTITUTE
SUBTOTAL	SUM			SUMIF
SUMIFS	SUMPRODUCT			SUMSQ
SUMX2MY2	SUMX2PY2			SUMXMY2
SYD	T			TAN
TANH	TBILLEQ			TBILLPRICE
TBILLYIELD	TDIST			T.DIST
T.DIST.2T	T.DIST.RT			TEXT
TIME	TIMEVALUE			TINV
T.INV	T.INV.2T			TODAY
TRANSPOSE	TREND			TRIM
TRIMMEAN	TRUE			TRUNC
TTEST	T.TEST			TYPE
UPPER		VALUE		VAR
VARA		VARP		VAR.P
VARPA		VAR.S		VDB
VLOOKUP		WEEKDAY		WEEKNUM
WEIBULL		WEIBULL.DIST		WORKDAY
WORKDAY.INTL		XIRR		XNPV
YEAR		YEARFRAC		YIELD
YIELDDISC		YIELDMAT		ZTEST
Z.TEST

4.2.1 ABS

SmartSpreadsheet Documentation

ABS

Formula Reference>Formula Functions> ABS

This function calculates the absolute value of the specified value.

Syntax

ABS(value)

ABS(expression)

Arguments

This function can take either a value or an expression as an argument.

Remarks

This function turns negative values into positive values.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ABS(R3C2)

ABS(B3)

ABS(-4) gives the result 4

ABS(14-24) gives the result 10

ABS(4) gives the result 4

See Also

SIGN

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4.2.2 ACCRINT

This function calculates the accrued interest for a security that pays periodic interest.

Syntax

ACCRINT(issue,first,settle,rate,par,frequency,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

issue Date that the security is issued first First date for calculating the interest for the security settle Settlement date for the security rate Annual interest rate for the security par [Optional] Par value for the security; if omitted, the calculation uses a value of $1,000 frequency Frequency of payment, number of payments per year basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.) Remarks

This function requires that the issue is less than the settlement (otherwise a #NUM! error is returned). If the rate or par is less than or equal to 0, then a #NUM! error is returned. If the frequency is a number other than 1, 2, or 4, then a #NUM! error is returned. If the basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ACCRINT(A1,A2,A3,B4,D9,E9,0)

ACCRINT(DATE(2003,1,1),DATE(2003,1,7),DATE(2005,1,7),0.5,1000,2) gives the result

1008.33333

See Also

ACCRINTM

INTRATE

4.2.3 ACCRINTM

This function calculates the accrued interest at maturity for a security that pays periodic interest.

Syntax

ACCRINTM(issue,maturity,rate,par,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

issue Date that the security is issued maturity Maturity date for security rate Annual interest rate for the security par [Optional] Par value for the security; if omitted, the calculation uses a value of $1,000 basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function requires that issue is a valid date (otherwise a #Value! error is returned). If the rate or par is less than or equal to 0, then a #NUM! error is returned. If the basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. If the issue is less than the settlement, then a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ACCRINTM(A2,A3,B4,D9,3)

ACCRINTM(R1C1,R2C3,R4C2,R9C4,3)

See Also

ACCRINT

INTRATE

4.2.4 ACOS

This function calculates the arccosine, that is, the angle whose cosine is the specified value.

Syntax

ACOS(value)

Arguments

For the argument, you can specify the cosine of the angle you want to return, which must be a value between –1 and 1.

Remarks

The result angle is in radians between 0 (zero) and PI (pi). If you want to convert the result to degrees, multiply the result by 180/PI.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ACOS(B3)

ACOS(R3C2)

ACOS(0.5) gives the result 1.0471975512

See Also

ACOSH

ASIN

COS

COSH

4.2.5 ACOSH

This function calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of the specified value.

Syntax

ACOSH(value)

Arguments

For the argument, you can specify any real number greater than or equal to 1.

Remarks

This function is the inverse of the hyperbolic cosine, so ACOSH(COSH(n)) gives the result n.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ACOSH(B3)

ACOSH(R3C2)

ACOSH(1) gives the result 0

ACOSH(10) gives the result 2.9932228461

ACOS(R3C2)

See Also

ACOS

ASINH

4.2.6 ADDRESS

This function uses the row and column numbers to create a cell address in text.

Syntax

ADDRESS(row,column,absnum,a1style,sheettext)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

row	Row number in the cell reference
column8	Column number in the cell reference
absnum	[Optional] Type of reference to return; can be any of:

Value - Type of Cell Reference Returned

1 or omitted - Absolute

2 - Absolute row, relative column

3 - Relative row, absolute column

4 - Relative

[Optional] Logical value that indicates whether the reference style is A1; if TRUE or

a1style omitted, the style is A1; if FALSE, then the style is R1C1

[Optional] Name of the sheet to use as an external reference; if omitted, no sheet

sheettext

name is used

Data Types

Accepts numeric and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

ADDRESS(2,4,2,FALSE)

See Also

COLUMNS

INDEX

ROWS

4.2.7 AMORDEGRC

This function returns the depreciation for an accounting period, taking into consideration prorated depreciation, and applies a depreciation coefficient in the calculation based on the life of the assets.

Syntax

AMORDEGRC(cost,datepurchased,firstperiod,salvage,period,drate,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

cost Cost of the asset

datepurchase

Purchase date of the asset

firstperiod End date of the first period salvage Salvage value at the end of the life of the asset

period Accounting period drate Rate of depreciation

basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis)

Remarks

This function returns the depreciation until the last period of the asset life or until the total value of depreciation is greater than the cost of the assets minus the salvage value. The depreciation coefficients are:

Life of assets		Depreciation Coefficient
Between 3 and 4 years	1.5
Between 5 and 6 years	2
More than 6 years	2.5

The depreciation rate will grow to 50 percent for the period proceeding the last period and will grow to 100 percent for the last period. If the life of assets is between 0 (zero) and 1, 1 and 2, 2 and 3, or 4 and 5, the #NUM! error value is returned.

This function differs from AMORLINC, which does not apply a depreciation coefficient in the calculation depending on the life of the assets.

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

AMORDEGRC(B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7)

AMORDEGRC(2800,DATE(2003,9,4),DATE(2006,12,31),200,1,0.02,1) gives the result 117

4.2.8 AMORLINC

This function calculates the depreciation for an accounting period, taking into account prorated depreciation.

Syntax

AMORLINC(cost,datepurchased,firstperiod,salvage,period,drate,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

cost Cost of the asset

datepurchased Purchase date of the asset firstperiod End date of the first period salvage Salvage value at the end of the life of the asset

period Accounting period drate Rate of depreciation

basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis)

Remarks

This function differs from AMORDEGRC, which applies a depreciation coefficient in the calculation depending on the life of the assets.

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

AMORLINC(B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7)

4.2.9 AND

This function calculates logical AND.

Syntax

AND(bool1,bool2,...)

AND(array)

AND(array1,array2,...)

AND(expression)

AND(expression1,expression2,...)

Arguments

For the arguments of this function, provide numeric (0 or 1) or logical values (TRUE or FALSE) for up to 255 arguments. You can also specify a single array instead of listing the values separately, or up to 255 arrays. You can also specify the logical argument as an expression.

Remarks

This function returns TRUE if all its arguments are true; otherwise, returns FALSE if at least one argument is false.

Data Types

Accepts logical data (Boolean values of TRUE or FALSE) or numerical values (0 or 1). Returns logical data (Boolean values of TRUE or FALSE).

Examples

AND(D12,E12)

AND(R12C42,R12C5,R12C1)

AND(D2:D12)

AND(R12C1:R12C9)

AND(true,true,true) gives the result TRUE

AND(TRUE(),FALSE()) gives the result FALSE

AND(5+3=8,5+1=6) gives the result TRUE

See Also

NOT

4.2.10 ASIN

This function calculates the arcsine, that is, the angle whose sine is the specified value.

Syntax

ASIN(value)

Arguments

For the argument, specify the sine of the angle you want to return, which must be a value between – 1 and 1.

Remarks

The result angle is in radians between –PI/2 and PI/2. If you want to convert the result to degrees, multiply the result by 180/PI.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ASIN(B3)

ASIN(R3C2)

ASIN(0.5) gives the result 0.5235987756

See Also

ACOS

SIN

SINH

4.2.11 ASINH

This function calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.

Syntax

ASINH(value)

Arguments

For the argument, you can specify any real number.

Remarks

This function is the inverse of the hyperbolic sine, so ASINH(SINH(n)) gives the result n. Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ASINH(E4)

ASINH(R4C5)

ASINH(-5.5) gives the result -2.40606

ASINH(100) gives the result 5.2983423656

See Also

ACOSH

ASIN

SIN

4.2.12 ATAN

This function calculates the arctangent, that is, the angle whose tangent is the specified value.

Syntax

ATAN(value)

Arguments

For the argument, specify the tangent of the angle you want to return, which must be a value between –1 and 1.

Remarks

The result angle is in radians between –PI/2 and PI/2. If you want to convert the result to degrees, multiply the result by 180/PI.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ATAN(B3)

ATAN(R3C2)

ATAN(1) gives the result 0.7853981634

See Also

ACOS

ASIN

TAN

4.2.13 ATAN2

This function calculates the arctangent of the specified x- and y-coordinates.

ATAN2(x,y)

Arguments

This function can take real numbers as arguments.

Remarks

The arctangent is the angle from the x-axis to a line containing the origin (0, 0) and a point with coordinates (x, y).

The result is given in radians between –PI and PI, excluding –PI. If you want to convert the result to degrees, multiply the result by 180/PI.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ATAN2(A1,E3)

ATAN2(R1C1,R3C5)

ATAN2(1,1) gives the result 0.7853981634

See Also

ACOS

ASIN

ATAN

TAN

4.2.14 ATANH

This function calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number.

ATANH(value)

Arguments

For the argument, you can specify any real number between 1 and –1, excluding –1 and 1.

Remarks

This function is the inverse of the hyperbolic tangent, so ATANH(TANH(n)) gives the result n. Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ATANH(B5)

ATANH(R5C2)

ATANH(0.55) gives the resultlt 0.6183813136

ATANH(-0.2) gives the result -0.2027325541

See Also

ACOSH

ASINH

ATAN

TAN

4.2.15 AVEDEV

This function calculates the average of the absolute deviations of the specified values from their mean.

AVEDEV(value1,value2,...)

AVEDEV(array)

AVEDEV(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Each argument can be a double-precision floating-point value, an integer value, or an array (cell range) of these. Up to 255 arguments may be included. You can use a single array (cell range) instead of a list of values. You can use multiple arrays (cell ranges) as well.

Remarks

This is a measure of the variability in a data set.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

AVEDEV(B5,L32,N25,D17)

AVEDEV(B1:B5)

AVEDEV(B1:B17,L1:L17,N2:N8)

AVEDEV(R5C2,R32C12,R25C15) AVEDEV(R1C2:R1C7)

AVEDEV(98,79,85) gives the result 7.1111111111

See Also

AVERAGE

DEVSQ

4.2.16 AVERAGE

This function calculates the average of the specified numeric values.

AVERAGE(value1,value2,...)

AVERAGE(array)

AVERAGE(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

This is a measure of the variability in a data set.

This function differs from AVERAGEA, which accepts text or logical values as well as numeric values.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

AVERAGE(A1,B3,D5,E9,L8,L9)

AVERAGE(R1C1,R3C2)

AVERAGE(A1:A9)

AVERAGE(A1:A9,B1:B9,D5:D8)

AVERAGE(98,72,85) gives the result 85

See Also

AVEDEV

AVERAGEA

CONFIDENCE

DEVSQ

MEDIAN

VAR

4.2.17 AVERAGEA

This function calculates the average of the specified values, including text or logical values as well as numeric values.

Syntax

AVERAGEA(value1,value2,...)

AVERAGEA(array)

AVERAGEA(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Each argument can be a double-precision floating-point value, an integer value, or an array (cell range). Up to 255 arguments may be included. You can use a single array (cell range) instead of a list of values. You can use multiple arrays (cell ranges) as well.

Remarks

This is a measure of the variability in a data set.

This function differs from AVERAGE because it allows text or logical values as well as numeric values.

Data Types

Accepts numeric, logical, or text data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

AVERAGEA(A1,B3,D5,E9,L8,L9)

AVERAGEA(R1C1,R3C2)

AVERAGEA(A1:A9)

AVERAGEA(A1:A9,B1:B9,D5:D8)

AVERAGEA(98,72,85) gives the result 85

AVEDEV

DEVSQ

MEDIAN

VAR

4.2.18 AVERAGEIF

This function calculates the average of the specified numeric values provided that they meet the specified criteria.

Syntax

AVERAGEIF(value1,value2,...,condition)

AVERAGEIF(array,condition)

AVERAGEIF(array1,array2,...,condition)

Arguments

Remarks

This is a measure of the variability in a data set.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. The condition accepts text, numeric, or expression data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

AVERAGEIF(A1,B3,D5,E9,L8,L9,"<5000")

AVERAGEIF(R1C1,R3C2,"<>0")

AVERAGE

AVEDEV

DEVSQ

MEDIAN

VAR

4.2.19 AVERAGEIFS

This function calculates the average of all cells that meet multiple specified criteria.

Syntax

AVERAGEIFS(value1,condition1,value2,...,condition2...)

AVERAGEIFS(array,condition)

AVERAGEIFS(array1,array2,...,condition)

Arguments

Remarks

This is a measure of the variability in a data set.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. The condition accepts text, numeric, or expression data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

AVERAGEIFS(B2:B5,B2:B5,">90",B2:B5,"<100")

AVERAGEIFS(R1C1,R3C2,"<>0")

AVEDEV

AVERAGE

DEVSQ

MEDIAN

VAR

4.2.20 BESSELI

This function calculates the modified Bessel function of the first kind evaluated for purely imaginary arguments.

Syntax

BESSELI(value,order)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Value at which to evaluate the function order Number representing the order of the function; if it is not an integer, it is truncated

Remarks

If value or order is nonnumeric then a #Value! error is returned. If order is less than 0 then the #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

BESSELI(A4,D5)

BESSELI(R4C1,R5C4)

BESSELI(1.8,2) gives the result 0.5260402117

See Also

BESSELJ

BESSELY

4.2.21 BESSELJ

This function calculates the Bessel function of the first kind.

Syntax

BESSELJ(value,order)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Value at which to evaluate the function order Number representing the order of the function; if it is not an integer, it is truncated

Remarks

If value or order is nonnumeric then a #Value! error is returned. If order is less than 0 then the #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

BESSELJ(A4,D5)

BESSELJ(R4C1,R5C4)

BESSELJ(1.85,2) gives the result 0.31812827879

See Also

BESSELI

BESSELK

4.2.22 BESSELK

This function calculates the modified Bessel function of the second kind evaluated for purely imaginary arguments.

Syntax

BESSELK(value,order)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Value at which to evaluate the function order Number representing the order of the function; if it is not an integer, it is truncated

Remarks

This function is also called the Neumann function. If value or order is nonnumeric then a #Value! error is returned. If order is less than 0 then the #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

BESSELK(A4,D5)

BESSELK(R4C1,R5C4)

BESSELK(1.85,2) gives the result 0.32165379

See Also

BESSELJ

BESSELY

4.2.23 BESSELY

This function calculates the Bessel function of the second kind.

Syntax

BESSELY(value,order)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Value at which to evaluate the function order Number representing the order of the function; if it is not an integer, it is truncated

Remarks

If value or order is nonnumeric then a #Value! error is returned. If order is less than 0 then the #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

BESSELY(A4,D5)

BESSELY(R4C1,R5C4)

BESSELY(2.85,1) gives the result 0.2801918953

See Also

BESSELJ

BESSELK

4.2.24 BETADIST

This function calculates the cumulative beta distribution function.

Syntax

BETADIST(x,alpha,beta,lower,upper)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Value at which to evaluate the function, between the values of lower and upper alpha Alpha parameter of the distribution beta Beta parameter of the distribution lower [Optional] Lower bound of the interval for x; 0 if omitted upper [Optional] Upper bound of the interval for x; 1 if omitted

Remarks

If you omit values for upper and lower, the calculation uses the standard cumulative beta distribution, so that lower is zero and upper is one.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

BETADIST(3,B3,C3,2,4)

BETADIST(3,R3C2,R3C3,2,4)

BETADIST(3,6,9,2,4) gives the result 0.7880249023

See Also

BETAINV

4.2.25 BETA.DIST

This function calculates the cumulative beta distribution function.

Syntax

BETA.DIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative,lower,upper)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x	Value at which to evaluate the function, between the values of lower and upper
alpha	Alpha parameter of the distribution
beta	Beta parameter of the distribution
cumulative	A logical value that determines the function form. The function returns the cumulative distribution function if this argument is true. It returns the probability density function, if the argument is false
lower	[Optional] Lower bound of the interval for x; 0 if omitted
upper Remarks	[Optional] Upper bound of the interval for x; 1 if omitted

If you omit values for upper and lower, the calculation uses the standard cumulative beta distribution, so that lower is zero and upper is one.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments except cumulative. Accepts TRUE or FALSE for cumulative. Returns numeric data.

Examples

BETA.DIST(A1,A3,B4,TRUE,1,3)

BETA.DIST(2,8,10,TRUE,1,3) gives the result 0.6854705810546875

4.2.26 BETAINV

This function calculates the inverse of the cumulative beta distribution function.

Syntax

BETAINV(prob,alpha,beta,lower,upper)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

prob Probability of the distribution alpha Alpha parameter of the distribution beta Beta parameter of the distribution lower [Optional] Lower bound of the interval for x; 0 if omitted upper [Optional] Upper bound of the interval for x; 1 if omitted

Remarks

If you omit values for upper and lower, the calculation uses the standard cumulative beta distribution, so that lower is zero and upper is one.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

BETAINV(0.75,B3,C3,2,4)

BETAINV(0.75,R3C2,R3C3,2,4)

BETAINV(0.75,9,12,2,4) gives the result 3.0011968805

See Also

BETADIST

4.2.27 BETA.INV

This function calculates the inverse of the cumulative beta density function.

Syntax

BETA.INV(prob,alpha,beta,lower,upper)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Remarks

If you omit values for upper and lower, the calculation uses the standard cumulative beta distribution, so that lower is zero and upper is one. This function returns the #VALUE! error value if any argument is nonnumeric.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

BETA.INV(0.75,B3,C3,2,4)

BETA.INV(0.75,R3C2,R3C3,2,4)

BETA.INV(0.75,9,12,2,4) gives the result 3.0011968805340232

4.2.28 BIN2DEC

This function converts a binary number to a decimal number.

Syntax

BIN2DEC(number)

Arguments

For the argument of this function, specify the binary numeric value to convert.

Remarks

An error value is returned if the number contains more than 10 digits or is invalid.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

BIN2DEC(1111111)

See Also

BIN2HEX

BIN2OCT

DEC2BIN

OCT2DEC

4.2.29 BIN2HEX

This function converts a binary number to a hexadecimal number.

Syntax

BIN2HEX(number,places)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Binary numeric value to convert

[Optional] Number of characters to return; if not an integer, the number is

places

truncated

Remarks

An error value is returned if the number contains more than 10 digits or is invalid, or if the value of places is non-numeric or negative. If places is omitted, the calculation uses the minimum number of characters necessary. This argument is useful for adding leading zeros to the result.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data in hexadecimal format.

Examples

BIN2HEX(1110)

See Also

BIN2DEC

BIN2OCT

DEC2HEX

OCT2HEX

4.2.30 BIN2OCT

This function converts a binary number to an octal number.

Syntax

BIN2OCT(number,places)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Binary numeric value to convert places [Optional] Number of characters to return; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

BIN2OCT(1001,2)

See Also

BIN2DEC

BIN2HEX

DEC2OCT

OCT2BIN

4.2.31 BINOMDIST

This function calculates the individual term binomial distribution probability.

Syntax

BINOMDIST(x,n,p,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Number representing the number of successes in trials; if not an integer, the number

x is truncated

Number representing the number of independent trials; if not an integer, the number

is truncated

p Probability of success on each trial; number between 0 and 1

Logical value that determines the form of the function; if TRUE, then this function returns the cumulative distribution function, which is the probability that there are at

cumulative most x successes; if FALSE, it returns the probability mass function, which is the probability that there are x successes

Remarks

Use this function in problems with a fixed number of tests or trials, when there are two mutually exclusive possible outcomes (a "success" and a "failure"), when trials are independent, and when the probability of one outcome is constant throughout the experiment. This function can, for example, calculate the probability that two of the next three babies born are male.

The binomial probability mass function is calculated as follows:

where x is the number of successes, n is the number of trials, and p is the probability of success on any one trial. The cumulative binomial distribution is calculated as follows:

where n is the number of trials, x is the number of successes, and p is the possibility of success on any one trial.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments, except cumulative, which accepts logical data. Returns numeric data.

Example

A baby can be either male or female; for the sake of this example, assume the odds are 50/50 that a baby is either male or female. If female equals TRUE, we can use the following to determine the probability of the next 5 babies in 10 born being female. The probability of the first baby being female is 0.5, and the probability of exactly 5 of 10 babies born being female is:

BINOMDIST(5,10,0.5,FALSE) gives the result 0.2460937500

See Also

BETADIST

CRITBINOM

EXPONDIST

GAMMADIST

NEGBINOMDIST

WEIBULL

4.2.32 BINOM.DIST

This function calculates the individual term binomial distribution probability.

Syntax

BINOM.DIST(x,n,p,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Number representing the number of successes in trials; if not an integer, the number is

x truncated

Number representing the number of independent trials; if not an integer, the number is

n truncated

p Probability of success on each trial; number between 0 and 1

Logical value that determines the form of the function; if TRUE, then this function

cumulative

returns the cumulative distribution function, which is the probability that there are at

most x successes; if FALSE, it returns the probability mass function, which is the probability that there are x successes

Remarks

The binomial probability mass function is calculated as follows:

where x is the number of successes, n is the number of trials, and p is the probability of success on any one trial. The cumulative binomial distribution is calculated as follows:

where n is the number of trials, x is the number of successes, and p is the possibility of success on any one trial.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments, except cumulative, which accepts logical data. Returns numeric data.

Example

A baby can be either male or female; for this example, assume the odds are 50/50 that a baby is either male or female. If female equals TRUE, we can use the following to determine the probability of the next 5 babies in 10 born being female. The probability of the first baby being female is 0.5, and the probability of exactly 5 of 10 babies born being female is:

BINOM.DIST(5,10,0.5,FALSE) gives the result 0.24609375

4.2.33 BINOM.INV

This function returns the criterion binomial, the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is greater than or equal to a criterion value.

Syntax

BINOM.INV(n,p,alpha)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

n Number of trials; if not an integer, the number is truncated p Probability of success on each trial; number between 0 and 1 alpha Alpha, value for the criterion

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

BINOM.INV(B5,0.75,0.92)

BINOM.INV(R5C2,R8C14,0.75)

BINOM.INV(14,0.75,0.85) gives the result 14

4.2.34 CEILING

This function rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of a specified value.

Syntax

CEILING(value,signif)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Number to round

signif Number representing the rounding factor

Use either both positive or both negative numbers for the arguments. Regardless of the sign of the numbers, the value is rounded away from zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CEILING(C4,B2)

CEILING(B3,0.05)

CEILING(R4C3,1)

CEILING(4.65,2) gives the result 6

CEILING(-2.78,-1) gives the result -3

See Also

EVEN

FLOOR

ODD

TRUNC

4.2.35 CEILING.PRECISE

This function rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of a specified value or the nearest integer.

Syntax

CEILING.PRECISE(value,signif)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Number to round

signif Number representing the rounding factor

Use either both positive or both negative numbers for the arguments. Regardless of the sign of the numbers, the value is rounded away from zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CEILING.PRECISE(C4,B2)

CEILING.PRECISE(B3,0.05)

CEILING.PRECISE(R4C3,1)

CEILING.PRECISE(4.65,2) gives the result 6

CEILING.PRECISE(-2.78,-1) gives the result -3

4.2.36 CHAR

This function returns the character specified by a number.

Syntax

CHAR(value)

Arguments

For the argument, use a number between 1 and 255 specifying which character you want from the Windows character set (ANSI).

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns string data.

Examples

CHAR(B2)

CHAR(R2C2)

CHAR(66) gives the result B

CHAR(218) gives the result Ú

See Also

CODE

CONCATENATE

LOWER

PROPER

UPPER

4.2.37 CHIDIST

This function calculates the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution.

Syntax

CHIDIST(value,deg)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Value at which to evaluate the function deg Number of degrees of freedom; if not an integer, the number is truncated Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CHIDIST(B5,D7)

CHIDIST(R5C2,R7C4)

CHIDIST(6.7,4) gives the result 0.1526169403

See Also

CHIINV

CHITEST

4.2.38 CHIINV

This function calculates the inverse of the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution.

Syntax

CHIINV(prob,deg)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

prob Probability of the chi-squared distribution deg Number of degrees of freedom; if not an integer, the number is truncated Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CHIINV(B5,D7)

CHIINV(R5C2,R7C4)

CHIINV(0.75,4) gives the result 1.9225575262

See Also

CHIDIST

CHITEST

4.2.39 CHISQ.DIST

This function calculates the chi-squared distribution.

Syntax

CHISQ.DIST(value,deg,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argu

Description

ment

value Value at which to evaluate the function deg Number of degrees of freedom; if not an integer, the number is truncated

A logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, this function

cumul

returns the cumulative distribution function; if FALSE, it returns the probability density

ative function

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for value and deg arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CHISQ.DIST(B5,D7,TRUE)

CHISQ.DIST(R5C2,R7C4,TRUE)

CHISQ.DIST(6.7,4,TRUE) gives the result 0.8473830596613241

4.2.40 CHISQ.DIST.RT

This function calculates the right-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution.

Syntax

CHISQ.DIST.RT(value,deg)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Value at which to evaluate the function deg Number of degrees of freedom; if not an integer, the number is truncated Remarks

The #VALUE! error value is returned if either argument is nonnumeric.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CHISQ.DIST.RT(B5,D7)

CHISQ.DIST.RT(R5C2,R7C4)

CHISQ.DIST.RT(6.7,4) gives the result 0.15261694033867584

4.2.41 CHISQ.INV

This function calculates the inverse of the left-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution.

Syntax

CHISQ.INV(prob,deg)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

prob Probability of the chi-squared distribution deg Number of degrees of freedom; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

If the argument is nonnumeric, the function returns the #VALUE! error value.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CHISQ.INV(B5,D7)

CHISQ.INV(R5C2,R7C4)

CHISQ.INV(0.75,4) gives the result 5.385269057779394

4.2.42 CHISQ.INV.RT

This function calculates the inverse of the right-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution.

Syntax

CHISQ.INV.RT(prob,deg)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

prob Probability of the chi-squared distribution deg Number of degrees of freedom; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

The #VALUE! error value is returned if either argument is nonnumeric.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CHISQ.INV.RT(B5,D7)

CHISQ.INV.RT(R5C2,R7C4)

CHISQ.INV.RT(0.75,4) gives the result 1.9225575262293264

4.2.43 CHISQ.TEST

This function calculates the test for independence from the chi-squared distribution.

Syntax

CHISQ.TEST(obs_array,exp_array)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

obs_array Array of observed values to test against expected values exp_array Array of expected values against which to test observed values

Remarks

The arrays in the arguments must be of the same size.

Data Types

Accepts arrays of numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CHISQ.TEST(B1:C8,B12:C19)

CHISQ.TEST(R1C2:R8C3,R12C2:R19C3)

4.2.44 CHITEST

This function calculates the test for independence from the chi-squared distribution.

Syntax

CHITEST(obs_array,exp_array)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

obs_array Array of observed values to test against expected values exp_array Array of expected values against which to test observed values

The arrays in the arguments must be of the same size.

Data Types

Accepts arrays of numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CHITEST(B1:C8,B12:C19)

CHITEST(R1C2:R8C3,R12C2:R19C3)

See Also

CHIDIST

CHIINV

4.2.45 CHOOSE

This function returns a value from a list of values.

Syntax

CHOOSE(index,value1,value2,...)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

index Index of the specified values to return; an integer value between 1 and 255

Values from which to choose; can have up to 255 values; can be numbers, cell

value1, etc. references, cell ranges, defined names, formulas, functions, or text

The value arguments can be range references as well as single values. For example, the formula:

SUM(CHOOSE(2,A1:A25,B1:B10,C1:C5))

evaluates to:

SUM(B1:B10)

which then returns a value based on the values in the range B1:B10.

Remarks

This function is evaluated first, returning the reference B1:B10. The SUM function is then evaluated using B1:B10. Data Types

The index argument accepts numeric data. The value arguments accept any data. Returns the type of data of the specified value.

Examples

CHOOSE(3,A1,B1,C1,D1,E1) gives the result C1

CHOOSE(3,R1C1,R1C2,R1C3,R1C4,R1C5) gives the result R1C3

CHOOSE(2,"dogs","birds","fish","cats","mice") gives the result birds

See Also

INDEX

SUM

4.2.46 CLEAN

This function removes all non-printable characters from text.

Syntax

CLEAN(text)

Arguments

The text argument is any data from which you want to remove non-printable characters.

Remarks

Use this function to remove text that contains characters that might not print with your operating system. For example, you can use this function to remove some low-level computer code, which is frequently at the beginning and end of data files and cannot be printed

Data Types

Accepts string data. Returns string data.

Example

In this example, CHR(7) returns a non-printable character

CLEAN(CHAR(7)&"text"&CHAR(7)) gives the result text

See Also

SUBSTITUTE

TRIM

4.2.47 CODE

This function returns a numeric code to represent the first character in a text string. The returned code corresponds to the Windows character set (ANSI).

Syntax

CODE(text)

Arguments

The argument is the text from which you want to determine the code of the first character.

Data Types

Accepts string data. Returns string data.

Examples

CODE(H6)

CODE(R6C8)

CODE(""B"") gives the result 66

CODE(""Buffalo"") gives the result 66

See Also

CHAR

4.2.48 COLUMN

This function returns the column number of a reference.

Syntax

COLUMN(reference)

Arguments

The argument is a cell or a single area.

Remarks

If the reference is omitted, the reference of the cell that the function is in is used.

Data Types

Accepts cell references. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COLUMN(A9) gives the result 1

COLUMN(A1:A5) gives the result 1

See Also

INDEX

ROWS

4.2.49 COLUMNS

This function returns the number of columns in an array.

Syntax

COLUMNS(array)

Arguments

The argument is an array, an array formula, or a range of cells.

Data Types

Accepts cell references or array. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COLUMNS(B6:D12) gives the result 3

COLUMNS(R6C2:R12C4) gives the result 3

COLUMNS($B$8:$H$8) gives the result 7

COLUMNS(R[2]C[1]:R[3]C[8]) gives the result 8

See Also

INDEX

ROWS

4.2.50 COMBIN

This function calculates the number of possible combinations for a specified number of items.

Syntax

COMBIN(k,n)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Number representing the number of items; if not an integer, the number is truncated;

k must be positive and greater than or equal to n

Number of items in each possible permutation; if not an integer, the number is

truncated; must be positive

Remarks

A combination is any set or subset of items, regardless of the internal order of the items. Contrast with permutation (the PERMUT function).

The number of combinations is calculated as follows:

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COMBIN(C4,B2)

COMBIN(B3,5)

COMBIN(R1C2,2)

COMBIN(8,2) gives the result 28

COMBIN(100,3) gives the result 161700

4.2.51 COMPLEX

This function converts real and imaginary coefficients into a complex number.

Syntax

COMPLEX(realcoeff,imagcoeff,suffix)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

realcoeff Coefficient of the real part of the complex number imagcoeff Coefficient of the imaginary part of the complex number

(Optional) Suffix of the imaginary part of the complex number, may be either "i "or "j".

suffix

If omitted, "i" is used.

Remarks

For the suffix, use lowercase for "i" and "j" to prevent errors.

An error is returned if the real or imaginary coefficients are non-numeric.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

COMPLEX(3,5)

COMPLEX(3,5,"j")

See Also

IMAGINARY

IMREAL

4.2.52 CONCATENATE

This function combines multiple text strings or numbers into one text string.

Syntax

CONCATENATE(text1,text2,...)

Arguments

The arguments can be strings, formulas that return a string, or references to cells containing a string. Up to 255 arguments may be included.

Data Types

Accepts string data for both arguments. Returns string data.

Examples

CONCATENATE(B4,D5)

CONCATENATE(R4C2,R5C4)

CONCATENATE(""Gold "", ""Medal"") gives the result Gold Medal

See Also

CHAR

EXACT

4.2.53 CONFIDENCE

This function returns confidence interval for a population mean.

Syntax

CONFIDENCE(alpha,stdev,size)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Alpha, significance level used in calculating confidence level, where confidence

alpha

level is 100 times (1-alpha)%

stdev Population standard deviation for the range

Number representing the size of the sample; if not an integer, the number is

size

truncated

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CONFIDENCE(0.5,B4,D5)

CONFIDENCE(0.5,R4C2,R5C4)

CONFIDENCE(0.05,3.5,150) gives the result 0.560106363

See Also

AVERAGE

CHITEST

4.2.54 CONFIDENCE.NORM

This function returns confidence interval for a population mean.

Syntax

CONFIDENCE.NORM(alpha,stdev,size)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Alpha, significance level used in calculating confidence level, where confidence level is

alpha

100 times (1-alpha)%

stdev Population standard deviation for the range size Number representing the size of the sample; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

The #VALUE! error value is returned if any argument is nonnumeric. The #NUM! error value is returned if size < 1.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CONFIDENCE.NORM(0.5,B4,D5)

CONFIDENCE.NORM(0.5,R4C2,R5C4)

CONFIDENCE.NORM(0.05,3.5,150) gives the result 0.5601063629983405

4.2.55 CONFIDENCE.T

This function returns the confidence interval for a population mean.

Syntax

CONFIDENCE.T(alpha,stdev,size)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Alpha, significance level used in calculating confidence level, where confidence level is

alpha

100 times (1-alpha)%

stdev Population standard deviation for the range size Number representing the size of the sample; if not an integer, the number is truncated Remarks

The function uses a Student's t distribution. If size = 1, the function returns a #DIV/0! error value. If any argument is nonnumeric, the function returns the #VALUE! error value.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CONFIDENCE.T(0.5,B4,D5)

CONFIDENCE.T(0.5,R4C2,R5C4)

CONFIDENCE.T(0.05,3.5,150) gives the result 0.5646928012079743

4.2.56 CONVERT

This function converts a number from one measurement system to its equivalent in another measurement system.

Syntax

CONVERT(number,from-unit,to-unit)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Numeric value to convert

from-unit Convertible units (see table below) of numeric value to convert to-unit Convertible units (see table below) of desired result

Remarks

In this context a measurement system is a set of units for different types of measurements. This function converts a number with one set of units to a number in different set of units.

An error value is returned if the convertible units (from-unit and to-unit) are invalid or are from different categories of unit types (different tables below).

The following tables list the convertible units by their unit type:

Weight and Mass Unit Type Convertible Units

Gram "g"

Slug "sg"

Pound Mass "lbm"

U "u"

Ounce Mass "ozm"

Distance Unit Type Convertible Units

Meter "m"

Statute mile "mi"

Nautical mile "Nmi"

Inch "in"

Foot "ft"

Yard "yd"

Angstrom "ang"

Pica (1/72 in.) "Pica"

Time Unit Type Convertible Units

Year "yr"

Day "day"

Hour "hr"

Minute "mn"

Second "sec"

Pressure Unit Type Convertible Units

Pascal "Pa"

Atmosphere "atm" mm of Mercury "mmHg"

Force Unit Type Newton "N" Dyne "dyn" Pound force "lbf"		Convertible Units
Energy Unit Type			Convertible Units
Joule		"J"
Erg		"e"
Thermodynamic calorie		"c"
IT calorie		"cal"
Electron volt		"eV"
Horsepower-hour		"Hph"
Watt-hour		"Wh"
Foot-pound		"flb"
BTU		"BTU"
Power Unit Type		Convertible Units
Horsepower	"HP"
Watt	"W"
Magnetism Unit Type		Convertible Units
Tesla		"T"

Gauss "ga"

Temperature Unit Type Convertible Units

Degree Celsius "C"

Degree Fahrenheit "F"

Degree Kelvin "K"

Liquid Measure Unit Type Convertible Units

Teaspoon "tsp"

Tablespoon "tbs"

Fluid ounce "oz"

Cup "cup"

U.S. pint "pt"

U.K. pint "uk_pt"

Quart "qt"

Gallon "gal"

Liter "l"

Data Types

Accepts numeric and string data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CONVERT(68,"F","C")

See Also

DEC2OCT

HEX2OCT

OCT2BIN

4.2.57 CORREL

This function returns the correlation coefficient of the two sets of data.

Syntax

CORREL(array1,array2)

Arguments

The two arrays of data in the arguments of this function should meet these criteria:

· The data should contain numbers, names, ranges, or references that are numeric. If some cells do not contain numeric data, they are ignored.

· The arrays should be the same size, with the same number of data points.

· The arrays should not be empty, nor should the standard deviation of their values equal zero.

Data Types

Accepts arrays of numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CORREL(C1:C10,D1:D10)

CORREL(R1C3:R10C3,R1C4:R10C4)

CORREL({5,10,15,20,25},{4,8,16,32,64}) gives the result 0.9332565253

CORREL({73000,45000,40360},{42,70,40}) gives the result -0.3261046660

See Also

COVAR

4.2.58 COS

This function returns the cosine of the specified angle.

Syntax

COS(angle)

Arguments

This function can take any real number as an argument. The angle argument is the angle in radians for which you want the cosine.

Remarks

If the angle is in degrees, multiply it by PI/180 to convert it to radians.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COS(B2)

COS(R1C3)

COS(45*PI()/180) gives the result 0.7071067812

COS(RADIANS(30))

See Also

ACOS

ACOSH

COSH

4.2.59 COSH

This function returns the hyperbolic cosine of the specified value.

Syntax

COSH(value)

Arguments

This function can take any real number as an argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COSH(B3)

COSH(R1C2)

COSH(4) gives the result 27.3082328360

See Also

ACOSHCOS

4.2.60 COUNT

This function returns the number of cells that contain numbers.

Syntax

COUNT(value1,value2,...)

COUNT(array)

Arguments

The arguments may be separate values or an array of values. Up to 255 arguments of individual cells may be included.

Remarks

This function counts the number of cells that contain numbers in the specified cell range.

This function differs from COUNTA which also includes text or logical values as well as numbers. Data Types

Accepts cell references. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COUNT(B2,B5,B8,D5,D8)

COUNT(A1:G5)

COUNT(R6C3:R9C4,2)

See Also

COUNTA

4.2.61 COUNTA

This function returns the number of number of cells that contain numbers, text, or logical values.

Syntax

COUNTA(value1,value2,...)

COUNTA(array)

Arguments

The arguments may be separate values or an array of values. Up to 255 arguments of individual cells may be included.

Remarks

This function counts the number of non-empty cells in the specified cell range.

This function differs from COUNT because it includes text or logical values as well as numbers.

Accepts cell references. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COUNTA(B2,D2,E4,E5,E6)

COUNTA(A1:G5)

COUNTA(R6C3:R9C4)

See Also

COUNT

4.2.62 COUNTBLANK

This function returns the number of empty (or blank) cells in a range of cells on a sheet.

Syntax

COUNTBLANK(cellrange)

Arguments

This function takes a cell range reference as an argument.

Remarks

This function counts the number of empty or blank cells in the specified cell range on one sheet. This function does not count cells containing an empty string "". A cell is empty if the cell's Value is null (Nothing in VB). Note that there is a difference being a cell's Value being null and a cell's Value being the empty string "". For example, consider the following Spread code in C#:

spread.Sheets[0].Cells[0,0].Value = null; // empty spread.Sheets[0].Cells[1,0].Value = ""; // string spread.Sheets[0].Cells[2,0].Value = "abc"; // string spread.Sheets[0].Cells[3,0].Value = 123.0; // number spread.Sheets[0].Cells[4,0].Formula = "COUNTBLANK(A1:A4)";

The formula in cell A5 evaluates to 1 because cell A1 is the only cell in the range A1:A4 that is empty.

Note: Function implementation generally tries to follow the behavior found in popular spreadsheet applications; however, not all these applications agree whether the empty string "" should be treated the same as an empty cell. In GC.Spread, both the COUNTBLANK and ISBLANK functions consistently treat the empty string "" differently than an empty cell.

Data Types

Accepts cell range reference. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COUNTBLANK(A1:G5)

COUNTBLANK(R6C3:R9C4)

See Also

COUNTIF

TYPE

4.2.63 COUNTIF

This function returns the number of cells that meet a certain condition.

Syntax

COUNTIF(cellrange,condition) Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

cellrange Range of cells to count; cell range reference condition Condition that determines which cells are counted, as a text, number, or expression Accepts cell range reference. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COUNTIF(A1:G5,"test")

COUNTIF(R6C3:R9C4,"<2")

See Also

COUNT

COUNTA

COUNTBLANK

SUMIF

4.2.64 COUNTIFS

This function returns the number of cells that meet multiple conditions.

Syntax

COUNTIFS(cellrange,condition)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

cellrange Range of cells to count; cell range reference condition Condition that determines which cells are counted, as a text, number, or expression Data Types

Accepts cell range reference. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COUNTIFS(A1:G5,"test",B3:D3,"=Yes")

COUNTIFS(R6C3:R9C4,"<2")

See Also

COUNT

COUNTA

COUNTBLANK

SUMIF

4.2.65 COUPDAYBS

This function calculates the number of days from the beginning of the coupon period to the settlement date.

Syntax

COUPDAYBS(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settlement Settlement date for the security maturity Maturity date for the security frequency Frequency of payment, number of coupon payments per year; must be 1, 2, or 4 basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns an error if settlement or maturity is invalid (#VALUE!), or if frequency is a number other than 1, 2, or 4 (#NUM!). All arguments are truncated to integers. If basis is greater than 4 or less than 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If settlement is greater than or equal to maturity, a #NUM! error is returned.

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COUPDAYBS(A1,A2,A3,A4)

See Also

COUPDAYS

4.2.66 COUPDAYS

This function returns the number of days in the coupon period that contains the settlement date.

Syntax

COUPDAYS(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Remarks

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COUPDAYS(A1,A2,A3,A4)

See Also

COUPDAYBS

DURATION

4.2.67 COUPDAYSNC

This function calculates the number of days from the settlement date to the next coupon date.

Syntax

COUPDAYSNC(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Remarks

#NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COUPDAYSNC(A1,A2,A3,A4)

See Also

COUPDAYBS

COUPDAYS

4.2.68 COUPNCD

This function returns a date number of the next coupon date after the settlement date.

Syntax

COUPNCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Remarks

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COUPNCD(A1,A2,A3,A4) COUPNCD(A1,A2,A3,A4)

See Also

COUPPCD

4.2.69 COUPNUM

This function returns the number of coupons due between the settlement date and maturity date.

Syntax

COUPNUM(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Remarks

This function returns an error if settlement or maturity is invalid (#VALUE!), or if frequency is a

number other than 1, 2, or 4 (#NUM!). All arguments are truncated to integers. If basis is greater than 4 or less than 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If settlement is greater than or equal to maturity, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COUPNUM(A1,A2,A3,A4)

COUPNUM(R6C3:R9C4)

See Also

COUPDAYS

4.2.70 COUPPCD

This function returns a date number of the previous coupon date before the settlement date.

Syntax

COUPPCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COUPPCD(B1,B2,B3,B4)

COUPPCD(R6C3,R9C4,R1C1,R2C2)

See Also

COUPNCD

4.2.71 COVAR

This function returns the covariance, which is the average of the products of deviations for each data point pair in two sets of numbers.

Syntax

COVAR(array1,array2)

Arguments

The two arrays of data in the arguments of this function should meet these criteria:

· The data should contain numbers, names, arrays, or references that are numeric. If some cells do not contain numeric data, they are ignored.

· The data sets should be the same size, with the same number of data points.

· The data sets should not be empty, nor should the standard deviation of their values equal zero.

Remarks

Use this covariance function to determine the relationship between two sets of data. For example, you can examine whether greater income accompanies greater levels of education in a population.

The covariance is calculated as follows, where n is the size of the arrays and mu is the mean.

Data Types

Accepts arrays of numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COVAR(J2:J5,L2:L5)

COVAR(R2C12:R15C12,R2C14:R15C14)

COVAR({7,5,6},{7,4,4}) gives the result 1

COVAR({5,10,15,20,25},{4,8,16,32,64}) gives the result 144

See Also

CORREL

VAR

4.2.72 COVARIANCE.P

This function returns the population covariance, which is the average of the products of deviations for each data point pair in two sets of numbers.

Syntax

COVARIANCE.P(array1,array2)

Arguments

The two arrays of data in the arguments of this function should meet these criteria:

· The data should contain numbers, names, arrays, or references that are numeric. If some cells do not contain numeric data, they are ignored.

· The data sets should be the same size, with the same number of data points.

· The data sets should not be empty, nor should the standard deviation of their values equal zero.

Remarks

Use this covariance function to determine the relationship between two sets of data. For example, you can determine whether greater income accompanies greater levels of education in a population.

The covariance is calculated as follows, where n and y are the sample means, AVERAGE(array1) and AVERAGE(array2), and n is the sample size.

COVARIANCE.P Equation

Data Types

Accepts arrays of numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COVARIANCE.P(J2:J5,L2:L5)

COVARIANCE.P(R2C12:R15C12,R2C14:R15C14)

COVARIANCE.P({7,5,6},{7,4,4}) gives the result 1

COVARIANCE.P({5,10,15,20,25},{4,8,16,32,64}) gives the result 144

4.2.73 COVARIANCE.S

This function returns the sample covariance, which is the average of the products of deviations for each data point pair in two sets of numbers.

Syntax

COVARIANCE.S(array1,array2)

Arguments

The two arrays of data in the arguments of this function should meet these criteria:

· The data should contain numbers, names, arrays, or references that are numeric. If some cells do not contain numeric data, they are ignored.

· The data sets should be the same size, with the same number of data points.

· The data sets should not be empty, nor should the standard deviation of their values equal zero.

Remarks

Use this covariance function to determine the relationship between two sets of data. For example, you can determine whether greater income accompanies greater levels of education. Data Types

Accepts arrays of numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

COVARIANCE.S(J2:J5,L2:L5)

COVARIANCE.S(R2C12:R15C12,R2C14:R15C14)

COVARIANCE.S({7,5,6},{7,4,4}) gives the result 1.5

COVARIANCE.S({5,10,15,20,25},{4,8,16,32,64}) gives the result 180

4.2.74 CRITBINOM

This function returns the criterion binomial, the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is greater than or equal to a criterion value.

Syntax

CRITBINOM(n,p,alpha)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

n Number of trials; if not an integer, the number is truncated p Probability of success on each trial; number between 0 and 1 alpha Alpha, value for the criterion

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CRITBINOM(B5,0.75,0.92)

CRITBINOM(R5C2,R8C14,0.75)

CRITBINOM(14,0.75,0.85) gives the result 12

See Also

BINOMDIST

4.2.75 CUMIPMT

This function returns the cumulative interest paid on a loan between the starting and ending periods.

Syntax

CUMIPMT(rate,nper,pval,startperiod,endperiod,paytype)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument	Description
rate	Interest rate
nper	Total number of payment periods
pval	Present value
startperiod	Starting period
endperiod	Ending period
paytype Remarks	Type of payment timing; can be any of: 0 - Payment at end of the period 1 - Payment at beginning of the period

This functions returns a #NUM! error when rate, nper, or pval is negative or zero. Nper, startperiod, endperiod, and paytype are truncated to integers. If startperiod or endperiod is less than 1 or startperiod is greater than endperiod, a #NUM! error is returned. If paytype is a number other than 0 or 1, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CUMIPMT(B2/12,B4*12,C4,14,20,0) CUMIPMT(B2/12,B4*12,C4,14,20,0)

See Also

CUMPRINC

INTRATE

4.2.76 CUMPRINC

This function returns the cumulative principal paid on a loan between the start and end periods.

Syntax

CUMPRINC(rate,nper,pval,startperiod,endperiod,paytype)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument	Description
rate	Interest rate
nper	Total number of payment periods
pval	Present value
startperiod	Starting period
endperiod	Ending period
paytype Remarks	Type of payment timing; can be any of: 0 - Payment at end of the period 1 - Payment at beginning of the period

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

CUMPRINC(B2/12,B4*12,C4,14,20,0)

See Also

CUMIPMT

IPMT

4.2.77 DATE

This function returns the DateTime object for a particular date, specified by the year, month, and day.

Syntax

DATE(year,month,day)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Number representing the year, from 1 to 9999, using four digits; if not integer, number

year is truncated

month Number representing the month of the year; if not integer, number is truncated day Number representing the day of the month; if not integer, number is truncated

If month is greater than 12, then month increments by the number of months over 12 and the year advances, if needed. For example, DATE(2003,16,2) returns the DateTime object representing April 2, 2004.

If day is greater than the number of days in the specified month, then day increments that number of days from the first day of the next month. For example, DATE(2004,1,35) returns the DateTime object representing February 4, 2004.

If values for the arguments are not integers, any decimal places are truncated. Negative values for months are taken from the year into previous years. Negative values for days are taken from the month into previous months.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns a DateTime object.

Examples

DATE(A1,B1,C1)

DATE(R1C1,R1C2,R1C3)

DATE(2003,1,1) gives the result January 1, 2003

DATE(2004,2,10) gives the result February 10, 2004

See Also

DATEVALUE

TIME

4.2.78 DATEDIF

This function returns the number of days, months, or years between two dates.

Syntax

DATEDIF(date1,date2,outputcode)

Arguments

The first two arguments are any dates, as strings, numeric values, or DateTime objects.

The output codes are:

Code Description

"D" The number of days between date1 and date2

"M" The number of complete months between date1 and date2

"Y" The number of complete years between date1 and date2

"YD" The number of days between date1 and date2 as if they were in the same year

"YM" The number of months between date1 and date2 as if they were in the same year

"MD" The number of days between date1 and date2 as if they were in the same month and year

Data Types

Accepts strings, numeric values, and DateTime objects. Strings and numbers are converted to DateTime objects.

Examples

DATEDIF(A1,B1,C1)

DATEDIF(R1C1,R1C2,R1C3)

DATEDIF("2001/1/1","2003/1/1","Y")

See Also

DATEVALUE

TIME

4.2.79 DATEVALUE

This function returns a DateTime object of the specified date.

Syntax

DATEVALUE(date_string)

Arguments

The argument for this function is a date as a string.

Remarks

Use this function to convert a date represented by text to a DateTime object in standard format.

Data Types

Accepts string data. Returns a DateTime object.

Examples

DATEVALUE(B18)

DATEVALUE(R18C2)

DATEVALUE("2004/10/6") gives the result 10/6/2004 12:00:00 AM

See Also

DATE

TIMEVALUE

4.2.80 DAVERAGE

This function calculates the average of values in a column of a list or database that match the specified conditions.

Syntax

DAVERAGE(database, field, criteria)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

database Range of cells that make up the database; cell range reference field Column in the database, referred to by label or index criteria Range of cells that specify which rows in the database are used; cell range reference

The database argument is a range of cells that make up the database. Each column represents a field. The first row represents the field labels. Each remaining row represents a record of data.

The field argument determines which column in the database to use. The field argument can be a

string (field label) or a number (field index).

The criteria argument is a range of cells that specify which rows in the database contain the conditions that select a subset of the data in the database. The first row represents field labels. The remaining rows represent conditions. Conditions in the same row are combined using an AND operation. Conditions in different rows are combined using an OR operation. Each condition can be a number or a string. The string can include a comparison operator (=, <>, <, >, <=, >=). If no operator is included then the equal operator (=) is assumed.

Wild card characters are not supported in the criteria argument.

Remarks

This is one of several database or list functions that treat a range of cells as if they were a database.

Data Types

Accepts cell ranges for database and criteria. Accepts a string or a number for field. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DAVERAGE(A4:E10,3,A4:E10)

DAVERAGE(A1:A9,"Income",D5:D8)

See Also

AVERAGE

DVAR

DVARP

VAR

VARP

4.2.81 DAY

This function returns the day number of the month (integer 1 to 31) that corresponds to the specified date.

Syntax

DAY(date)

Arguments

Specify the date argument as a number (as in 37806.5) a string (as in "7/4/2003 12:00"), or a DateTime object, as in DATE(2003,7,4).

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, or DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DAY(A2)

DAY(R2C1)

DAY(366778) gives the result 14

DAY(33239) gives the result 1 (because 33239 is the value for January 1, 1991)

DAY("7/4/2003 12:00")

DAY(DATE(2003,7,4))

See Also

DATE

DATEVALUE

MONTH

WEEKDAY

4.2.82 DAYS360

This function returns the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year.

Syntax

DAYS360(startdate,enddate,method)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

startdate Date from which to calculate days enddate Date to which to calculate days

[Optional] Method for calculating days; if FALSE or omitted, uses U.S. (NASD) method method; if TRUE, uses European method.

Specify the date argument as a number (as in 37806.5) a string (as in "7/4/2003 12:00"), or a DateTime object, as in DATE(2003,7,4).

The methods for calculating the number of days can vary. The U.S. or NASD method works as follows:

· If the starting date is the 31st of a month, it becomes equal to the 30th of the same month.

· If the ending date is the 31st of a month and the starting date is earlier than the 30th of a month, the ending date becomes equal to the 1st of the next month.

· If the ending date is the 31st of a month and the starting date is the 30th or 31st of a month, the ending date becomes equal to the 30th of the ending date month.

The European method considers starting dates or ending dates that occur on the 31st of a month to be equal to the 30th of the same month.

Remarks

Use this function to help compute payments if your accounting system is based on a 360-day year (twelve 30-day months).

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, or DateTime object data for the two date arguments and boolean for the method argument. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DAYS360(B8,C8)

DAYS360(R8C2,R8C3)

DAYS360("7/15/2004","12/25/2004") gives the result 160

See Also

DATEVALUE

DAY

4.2.83 DB

This function calculates the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the fixed-declining balance method.

Syntax

DB(cost,salvage,life,period,month)

Arguments

This functions has these arguments:

Argument Description

cost Initial cost of the asset salvage Value at the end of the depreciation period life Number of periods over which the asset is being depreciated

Period for which you want to calculate the depreciation; use the same units as the life

period argument

[Optional] Number of months in the first year; if omitted, the calculation uses 12

month

months

Remarks

The fixed-declining balance method computes depreciation at a fixed rate. This function uses the following equation to calculate depreciation for a period:

(cost – total depreciation from prior periods) x rate

where:

rate = 1 – ((salvage/cost)^(1/life)), rounded to three decimal places

Depreciation for the first and last periods is a special case. For the first period, the function uses this equation:

dep = cost x rate x month/12

For the last period, the function uses this equation:

dep = ((cost – total dep. from prior periods) x rate x (12 – month))/12.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DB(B1,1000,10,1)

DB(R1C2,10000,10,1)

DB(500000,5000,5,1,10) gives the result $25,0833.3333333333

See Also

DDB

SLN

SYD

4.2.84 DCOUNT

This function counts the cells that contain numbers in a column of a list or database that match the specified conditions.

Syntax

DCOUNT(database, field, criteria)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

database Range of cells that make up the database; cell range reference field [Optional] Column in the database, referred to by label or index criteria Range of cells that specify which rows in the database are used; cell range reference

The database argument is a range of cells that make up the database. Each column represents a field. The first row represents the field labels. Each remaining row represents a record of data.

The field argument determines which column in the database to use. The field argument can be a string (field label) or a number (field index). The field argument is optional. If omitted the function counts all the records that meet the criteria.

Wild card characters are not supported in the criteria argument.

Remarks

This is one of several database or list functions that treat a range of cells as if they were a database.

Data Types

Accepts cell ranges for database and criteria. Accepts a string or a number for field. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DCOUNT(A4:E10,"Type",A4:E10)

DCOUNT(A1:A9,3,D5:D8)

See Also

COUNT

COUNTA

DCOUNTA

4.2.85 DCOUNTA

This function counts the non-blank cells in a column of a list or database that match the specified conditions.

Syntax

DCOUNTA(database, field, criteria)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

The database argument is a range of cells that make up the database. Each column represents a field. The first row represents the field labels. Each remaining row represents a record of data.

Wild card characters are not supported in the criteria argument.

Remarks

This is one of several database or list functions that treat a range of cells as if they were a database.

Data Types

Accepts cell ranges for database and criteria. Accepts a string or a number for field. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DCOUNTA(A4:E10,"Type",A4:E10)

DCOUNTA(A1:A9,3,D5:D8)

See Also

COUNT

COUNTA

DAVERAGE

DCOUNT

4.2.86 DDB

This function calculates the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the double-declining balance method or another method you specify.

Syntax

DDB(cost,salvage,life,period,factor)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

cost Initial cost of the asset

salvage Value at the end of depreciation life Number of periods over which the asset is being depreciated

Period for which you want to calculate the depreciation in the same units as the life

period argument

[Optional] Rate at which the value declines; if omitted, the calculation uses 2 (double-

factor declining method)

All arguments must be positive numbers.

Remarks

This function uses the following calculation for depreciation for a period:

cost – salvage(total depreciation from prior periods) x factor/life

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DDB(B1,1000,10,1)

DDB(R1C2,10000,10,1)

DDB(500000,5000,5,1,4) gives the result $40,0000

See Also

SYD

4.2.87 DEC2BIN

This function converts a decimal number to a binary number.

Syntax

DEC2BIN(number,places)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Decimal numeric value to convert in the range of -512 to 511 places [Optional] Number of characters to return; if not an integer, the number is truncated

If places argument is omitted, the calculation uses the minimum number of characters necessary. This argument is useful for adding leading zeros to the result.

Remarks

An error value is returned if the number is non-numeric or outside the range, or if the places value is non-numeric, negative, or too small.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DEC2BIN(3,3)

See Also

BIN2DEC

DEC2HEX

DEC2OCT

OCT2BIN

4.2.88 DEC2HEX

This function converts a decimal number to a hexadecimal number.

Syntax

DEC2HEX(number,places)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Decimal numeric value to convert in the range of -549,755,813,888 to

number

549,755,813,887

places [Optional] Number of characters to return; if not an integer, the number is truncated

If places argument is omitted, the calculation uses the minimum number of characters necessary. This argument is useful for adding leading zeros to the result.

Remarks

An error value is returned if the number is non-numeric or outside the range, or if the places value is non-numeric, negative, or too small.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DEC2HEX(103,4)

See Also

BIN2HEX

DEC2BIN

DEC2OCT

OCT2HEX

4.2.89 DEC2OCT

This function converts a decimal number to an octal number.

Syntax

DEC2OCT(number,places)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Decimal numeric value to convert in the range of -536,870,912 and 536,870,911 places [Optional] Number of characters to return; if not an integer, the number is truncated

If places argument is omitted, the calculation uses the minimum number of characters necessary. This argument is useful for adding leading zeros to the result.

Remarks

An error value is returned if the number is non-numeric or outside the range, or if the places value is non-numeric, negative, or too small.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DEC2OCT(-99)

See Also

BIN2OCT

DEC2BIN

DEC2HEX

OCT2BIN

4.2.90 DEGREES

This function converts the specified value from radians to degrees.

Syntax

DEGREES(angle)

Arguments

This function takes any real number angle value as the argument.

Remarks

This function converts angle in radians to angle in degrees.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DEGREES(B3)

DEGREES(R1C2)

DEGREES(PI()) gives the result 180

See Also

RADIANS

4.2.91 DELTA

This function identifies whether two values are equal. Returns 1 if they are equal; returns 0 otherwise.

Syntax

DELTA(value1,value2)

Arguments

This function takes two values as arguments.

Remarks

Also called the Kronecker Delta function. This is a discrete version of the Dirac delta function.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data (0 or 1).

Examples

DELTA(A1,5)

DELTA(R1C4,R2C5)

DELTA(3,3) gives the result 1

DELTA(3,2) gives the result 0

DELTA(3,2.99999) gives the result 0

DELTA(3,QUOTIENT(6,2)) gives the result 1

See Also

GESTEP

4.2.92 DEVSQ

This function calculates the sum of the squares of deviations of data points (or of an array of data points) from their sample mean.

Syntax

DEVSQ(value1,value2, ...)

DEVSQ(array)

DEVSQ(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

This is a measure of the variability in a data set.

The sum of squared deviations is calculated as follows, where n is the number of values.

DEVSQ Equation

If an array or cell reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores those values; however, the function includes in calculations cells with the value zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments or array of numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DEVSQ(B3,B5,B9,B10)

DEVSQ(B3:B14)

DEVSQ(R3C2,R5C2,R9C2)

DEVSQ(R3C2:R3C12)

DEVSQ(35,31,47,51,37,31,58,39) gives the result 680.875

See Also

AVEDEV

AVERAGE

4.2.93 DGET

This function extracts a single value from a column of a list or database that matches the specified conditions.

Syntax

DGET(database, field, criteria)

Arguments

Argument Description

The database argument is a range of cells that make up the database. Each column represents a field. The first row represents the field labels. Each remaining row represents a record of data.

The field argument determines which column in the database to use. The field argument can be a string (field label) or a number (field index).

Wild card characters are not supported in the criteria argument.

Remarks

If no value matches the criteria argument, a #VALUE! error is returned. A #NUM! error is returned if more than one match is found.

This is one of several database or list functions that treat a range of cells as if they were a database.

Data Types

Accepts cell ranges for database and criteria. Accepts a string or a number for field. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DGET(A4:E10,"Type",A4:E10)

DGET(A1:A9,3,D5:D8)

See Also

DAVERAGE

DCOUNT

4.2.94 DISC

This function calculates the discount rate for a security.

Syntax

DISC(settle,mature,pricep,redeem,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle Settlement date for the security mature Maturity date for the security pricep Amount invested in the security redeem Amount to be received at maturity basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

Settle, mature, and basis are truncated to integers. If settle or mature is not a valid serial date number, a #VALUE! error is returned. If pricep or redeem is less than or equal to 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. If settle is greater than or equal to mature, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DISC(A1,B1,C4,100,2)

DISC("3/15/2003","5/15/2003",R3C4,R5C5,4)

DISC("5/15/2004","9/1/2004",98.2,100,3) gives the result 0.0602752294

See Also

INTRATE

PRICEDISC

RATE

4.2.95 DMAX

This function returns the largest number in a column of a list or database that matches the specified conditions.

Syntax

DMAX(database, field, criteria)

Arguments

Argument Description

The database argument is a range of cells that make up the database. Each column represents a field. The first row represents the field labels. Each remaining row represents a record of data.

The field argument determines which column in the database to use. The field argument can be a

string (field label) or a number (field index).

Wild card characters are not supported in the criteria argument.

Remarks

This is one of several database or list functions that treat a range of cells as if they were a database.

Data Types

Accepts cell ranges for database and criteria. Accepts a string or a number for field. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DMAX(A4:E10,"Type",A4:E10)

DMAX(A1:A9,3,D5:D8)

See Also

DAVERAGE

DCOUNT

DMIN

MAX

MIN

4.2.96 DMIN

This function returns the smallest number in a column of a list or database that matches the specified conditions.

Syntax

DMIN(database, field, criteria)

Arguments

Argument Description

The database argument is a range of cells that make up the database. Each column represents a field. The first row represents the field labels. Each remaining row represents a record of data.

The field argument determines which column in the database to use. The field argument can be a string (field label) or a number (field index).

Wild card characters are not supported in the criteria argument.

Remarks

This is one of several database or list functions that treat a range of cells as if they were a database.

Data Types

Accepts cell ranges for database and criteria. Accepts a string or a number for field. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DMIN(A4:E10,"Type",A4:E10)

DMIN(A1:A9,3,D5:D8)

See Also

DAVERAGE

DCOUNT

DMAX

MAX

MIN

4.2.97 DOLLAR

This function converts a number to text using currency format, with the decimals rounded to the specified place.

Syntax

DOLLAR(value,digits)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Numeric value to convert to text using the currency format

[Optional] Number of decimal places to maintain; if negative, the value is rounded to the

digits left of the decimal point; if omitted, the function rounds to two decimal places

Remarks

This function uses the current regional Windows settings to determine the format of the returned string.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns string data.

Examples

DOLLAR(B5,D2)

DOLLAR(R5C2,R2C4)

DOLLAR(1234.5678,3) gives the result $1,234.568

DOLLAR(123.45,1) gives the result $123.5

See Also

DOLLARDE

DOLLARFR

FIXED

4.2.98 DOLLARDE

This function converts a fraction dollar price to a decimal dollar price.

Syntax

DOLLARDE(fractionaldollar,fraction)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

fractionaldollar Numeric value expressed as a fraction fraction Denominator of the fraction; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

If fraction is not an integer, it is truncated. If fraction is less than 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If fraction is 0, a #DIV/0! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DOLLARDE(1.10,17)

DOLLARDE(R5C2,R2C4)

See Also

DOLLAR

DOLLARFR

4.2.99 DOLLARFR

This function converts a decimal number dollar price to a fraction dollar price.

Syntax

DOLLARFR(decimaldollar,fraction)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

decimaldollar Decimal number fraction Denominator of the fraction; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

If fraction is not an integer, it is truncated. If fraction is less than 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If fraction is 0, a #DIV/0! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DOLLARFR(B5,D2)

DOLLARFR(R5C2,R2C4)

DOLLARFR(1.125,16) gives the result 1.02

See Also

DOLLAR

DOLLARDE

4.2.100 DPRODUCT

This function multiplies the values in a column of a list or database that match the specified conditions.

Syntax

DPRODUCT(database, field, criteria)

Arguments

Argument Description

The database argument is a range of cells that make up the database. Each column represents a field. The first row represents the field labels. Each remaining row represents a record of data.

The field argument determines which column in the database to use. The field argument can be a string (field label) or a number (field index).

Wild card characters are not supported in the criteria argument.

Remarks

This is one of several database or list functions that treat a range of cells as if they were a database.

Data Types

Accepts cell ranges for database and criteria. Accepts a string or a number for field. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DPRODUCT(A4:E10,"Type",A4:E10)

DPRODUCT(A1:A9,3,D5:D8)

See Also

DCOUNT

DSUM

PRODUCT

SUM

4.2.101 DSTDEV

This function estimates the standard deviation of a population based on a sample by using the numbers in a column of a list or database that match the specified conditions.

Syntax

DSTDEV(database, field, criteria)

Arguments

Argument Description

database Range of cells that make up the database; cell range reference

field Column in the database, referred to by label or index criteria Range of cells that specify which rows in the database are used; cell range reference

The database argument is a range of cells that make up the database. Each column represents a field. The first row represents the field labels. Each remaining row represents a record of data.

The field argument determines which column in the database to use. The field argument can be a string (field label) or a number (field index).

Wild card characters are not supported in the criteria argument.

Remarks

This is one of several database or list functions that treat a range of cells as if they were a database.

Data Types

Accepts cell ranges for database and criteria. Accepts a string or a number for field. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DSTDEV(A4:E10,"Type",A4:E10)

DSTDEV(A1:A9,3,D5:D8)

See Also

DAVERAGE

DSTDEVP

STDEV

4.2.102 DSTDEVP

This function calculates the standard deviation of a population based on the entire population using the numbers in a column of a list or database that match the specified conditions.

Syntax

DSTDEVP(database, field, criteria)

Arguments

Argument Description

The database argument is a range of cells that make up the database. Each column represents a field. The first row represents the field labels. Each remaining row represents a record of data.

The field argument determines which column in the database to use. The field argument can be a string (field label) or a number (field index).

Wild card characters are not supported in the criteria argument.

Remarks

This is one of several database or list functions that treat a range of cells as if they were a database.

Data Types

Accepts cell ranges for database and criteria. Accepts a string or a number for field. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DSTDEVP(A4:E10,"Type",A4:E10)

DSTDEVP(A1:A9,3,D5:D8)

See Also

DAVERAGE

DSTDEV

STDEV

4.2.103 DSUM

This function adds the numbers in a column of a list or database that match the specified conditions.

Syntax

DSUM(database, field, criteria)

Arguments

Argument Description

The database argument is a range of cells that make up the database. Each column represents a field. The first row represents the field labels. Each remaining row represents a record of data.

The field argument determines which column in the database to use. The field argument can be a string (field label) or a number (field index).

Wild card characters are not supported in the criteria argument.

Remarks

This is one of several database or list functions that treat a range of cells as if they were a database.

Data Types

Accepts cell ranges for database and criteria. Accepts a string or a number for field. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DSUM(A4:E10,"Type",A4:E10)

DSUM(A1:A9,3,D5:D8)

See Also

DCOUNT

DPRODUCT

PRODUCT

SUM

4.2.104 DURATION

This function returns the Macauley duration for an assumed par value of $100.

Syntax

DURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yield,frequency,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settlement Settlement date for the security maturity Maturity date for the security coupon Annual coupon rate yield Annual yield for the security frequency Frequency of payment, number of coupon payments per year; must be 1, 2, or 4 basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settlement or maturity is invalid or a #NUM! error when frequency is a number other than 1, 2, or 4. Settlement, maturity, frequency, and basis are truncated to integers. If coupon is less than 0 or yield is less than 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. If settlement is greater than or equal to maturity, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DURATION(C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6)

DURATION(R5C2,R2C4,R3C1,R4C1,R5C1)

See Also

COUPDAYS

MDURATION

4.2.105 DVAR

This function estimates the variance of a population based on a sample by using the numbers in a column of a list or database that match the specified conditions.

Syntax

DVAR(database, field, criteria)

Arguments

Argument Description

The database argument is a range of cells that make up the database. Each column represents a field. The first row represents the field labels. Each remaining row represents a record of data.

The field argument determines which column in the database to use. The field argument can be a string (field label) or a number (field index).

Wild card characters are not supported in the criteria argument.

Remarks

This is one of several database or list functions that treat a range of cells as if they were a database.

Data Types

Accepts cell ranges for database and criteria. Accepts a string or a number for field. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DVAR(A4:E10,"Type",A4:E10)

DVAR(A1:A9,3,D5:D8)

See Also

DAVERAGE

DMAX

DMIN

DSTDEV

DSTDEVP

DVARP

4.2.106 DVARP

This function calculates the variance of a population based on the entire population by using the numbers in a column of a list or database that match the specified conditions.

Syntax

DVARP(database, field, criteria)

Arguments

Argument Description

The database argument is a range of cells that make up the database. Each column represents a field. The first row represents the field labels. Each remaining row represents a record of data.

The field argument determines which column in the database to use. The field argument can be a string (field label) or a number (field index).

Wild card characters are not supported in the criteria argument.

Remarks

This is one of several database or list functions that treat a range of cells as if they were a database.

Data Types

Accepts cell ranges for database and criteria. Accepts a string or a number for field. Returns numeric data.

Examples

DVARP(A4:E10,"Type",A4:E10)

DVARP(A1:A9,3,D5:D8)

See Also

DAVERAGE

DMAX

DMIN

DSTDEV

DSTDEVP

DVAR

4.2.107 EDATE

This function calculates the date that is the indicated number of months before or after a specified date.

Syntax

EDATE(startdate,months)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

startdate Starting date months Number of months before (negative) or after (positive) the starting date; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

Use this function to calculate maturity dates or due dates that fall on the same day of the month as the date of issue.

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, or DateTime object data for the startdate argument and numeric data for the months argument. Returns a DateTime object.

Examples

EDATE(A1,-6)

EDATE(R1C1,4)

EDATE("2004/01/09",2) gives the result 3/9/2004 12:00:00 AM

See Also

DATE

EOMONTH

4.2.108 EFFECT

This function calculates the effective annual interest rate for a given nominal annual interest rate and the number of compounding periods per year.

Syntax

EFFECT(nomrate,comper)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

nomrate Nominal interest rate

comper Number of compounding periods; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

The #VALUE! error is returned if either argument is nonnumeric. The #NUM error is returned if nomrate is less than or equal to zero or if comper is less than one. Comper is truncated to an integer.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

EFFECT(J12,B3)

EFFECT(R12C10,R3C2)

EFFECT(6.5%,8) gives the result 0.66878782

See Also

INTRATE

NOMINAL

4.2.109 EOMONTH

This function calculates the date for the last day of the month (end of month) that is the indicated number of months before or after the starting date.

Syntax

EOMONTH(startdate,months)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

startdate Starting date months Number of months before (negative) or after (positive) the starting date; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Specify the date argument as a number (as in 37806.5) a string (as in "7/4/2003 12:00"), or a DateTime object, as in DATE(2003,7,4).

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, or DateTime object data for the startdate argument and numeric data for the months argument. Returns a DateTime object.

Examples

EOMONTH(A3,6)

EOMONTH(R3C1,-4)

EOMONTH("2004/01/09",2) gives the result 3/31/2004 12:00:00 AM

See Also

EDATE

MONTH

4.2.110 ERF

This function calculates the error function integrated between a lower and an upper limit.

Syntax

ERF(limit,upperlimit)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Either this is the lower limit, if the upper limit is supplied, or it is the upper limit (with 0 as

limit the lower limit) if the second argument is not supplied

upperlimit [Optional] Upper limit for integrating the function

If upperlimit is supplied, the function is integrated from limit to upperlimit. If not supplied, the function is integrated from 0 to limit.

If there upperlimit is not supplied, the function calculates:

ERF Equation (low limit is zero)

where x is the limit argument.

If there upperlimit is supplied, the function calculates:

ERF Equation (hi-lo limits)

where lo is the limit argument and hi is the upperlimit argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ERF(K16)

ERF(R16C11,R16,C12)

ERF(0.49) gives the result 0.51166826

ERF(0.25,0.85) gives the result 0.494341544

See Also

ERFC

STEYX

4.2.111 ERF.PRECISE

This function calculates the error function.

Syntax

ERF.PRECISE(limit)

Arguments

This function has the following argument:

Argument Description

limit If limit is nonnumeric, the function returns the #VALUE! error value Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ERF.PRECISE(K16)

ERF.PRECISE(R16C11)

ERF.PRECISE(0.49) gives the result 0.5116682610468377

4.2.112 ERFC

This function calculates the complementary error function integrated between a lower limit and infinity.

Syntax

ERFC(lowerlimit)

Arguments

The argument is the lower limit from which to integrate to infinity when calculating this function.

This function calculates the complementary error function as follows:

Equation ERFC

where x is the lower limit specified in the argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ERFC(K16)

ERFC(R16C11)

ERFC(0.49) gives the result 0.48833174

See Also

ERF

STEYX

4.2.113 ERFC.PRECISE

This function calculates the complementary ERF function integrated between a lower limit and infinity.

Syntax

ERFC.PRECISE(lowerlimit)

Arguments

The argument is the lower limit from which to integrate to infinity when calculating this function.

If lowerlimit is nonnumeric, this function returns the #VALUE! error value.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ERFC.PRECISE(K16)

ERFC.PRECISE(R16C11)

ERFC.PRECISE(0.49) gives the result 0.4883317389531623

4.2.114 ERROR.TYPE

This function returns a number corresponding to one of the error values.

Syntax

ERROR.TYPE(errorvalue)

Arguments

The valid error values that can be used in the arguments and their corresponding returned values are summarized here:

Error Value		Function Returns
#NULL!	1
#DIV/0!	2
#VALUE!	3
#REF!	4
#NAME?	5
#NUM!	6
#N/A	7

You can use this function in an IF-THEN structure to test for the error value and return a text string, such as a message, instead of the error value.

Data Types

Accepts error value as data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ERROR.TYPE(B13)

ERROR.TYPE(R13C2)

ERROR.TYPE(#REF!) gives the result 4

See Also

ISERROR

4.2.115 EURO

This function returns the equivalent of one Euro based on the ISO currency code.

Syntax

EURO(code)

Arguments

The argument is the ISO currency code of certain countries. This function does not convert all currencies; only those Euro member currencies listed here.

Country/Region ISO Currency Code

Belgium BEF

Luxembourg LUF

Germany DEM

Spain ESP

France FRF

Ireland	IEP
Italy	ITL
Netherlands	NLG
Austria	ATS
Portugal	PTE
Finland	FIM
Euro member state	EUR

Remarks

ISO Currency Codes are from ISO 4217, the international standard describing three-letter codes to define the names of currencies. ISO is the nickname for the International Organization for Standardization.The first two letters of the code are the two-letter country codes (ISO 3166) and the third is usually the initial of the currency itself. So BEF is Belgium Franc.

Data Types

Accepts string data for the code. Returns numeric data.

Examples

EURO(""BEF"")

See Also

EUROCONVERT

4.2.116 EUROCONVERT

This function converts currency from a Euro member currency (including Euros) to another Euro member currency (including Euros).

Syntax

EUROCONVERT(currency,source,target,fullprecision,triangulation)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

currency Number to convert source ISO currency code for the number to convert (see table below) target ISO currency code for the result of the conversion (see table below)

[Optional] Logical value representing whether to display the value in full precision or

fullprecision not; if omitted, the value is not displayed in full precision

[Optional] Integer greater than or equal to 3 that specifies the number of significant

triangulatio

digits to be used for the intermediate Euro value when converting between two Euro

n member currencies

If triangulation is omitted, the calculation does not round the intermediate Euro value. If it is included when converting from a Euro member currency to the Euro, the calculation finds the intermediate Euro value that could then be converted to a Euro member currency.

Remarks

This function does not convert all currencies; only those Euro member currencies listed in this table.

Country/Region ISO Currency Code

Belgium BEF

Luxembourg LUF

Germany DEM

Spain ESP

France FRF

Ireland IEP

Italy ITL

Netherlands NLG

Austria ATS

Portugal PTE

Finland FIM

Euro member state EUR

Data Types

Accepts numeric and string data for most arguments; the fullprecision argument is a logical value. Returns numeric data.

Examples

EUROCONVERT(B5,"DEM","EUR")

EUROCONVERT(R5C2,"DEM","EUR", TRUE, 3)

See Also

ROUND

4.2.117 EVEN

This function rounds the specified value up to the nearest even integer.

Syntax

EVEN(value)

Arguments

The argument can be any numeric value.

Remarks

Regardless of the sign of the number specified by the argument, the number is rounded away from zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

EVEN(A3)

EVEN(R1C2)

EVEN(5) gives the result 6

EVEN(-2.5) gives the result -4

See Also

CEILING

FLOOR

ISEVEN

ODD

4.2.118 EXACT

This function returns true if two strings are the same; otherwise, false.

Syntax

EXACT(text1,text2)

Arguments

The arguments are text strings.

Remarks

This function compares the string in the first argument to the string in the second argument.

Although this function is case-sensitive, it ignores formatting differences.

Data Types

Accepts string data for both arguments. Returns boolean data (true or false).

Examples

EXACT(A3,A5)

EXACT(R3C1,R5C1)

EXACT(""SPREAD"",""spread"") gives the result FALSE

See Also

CONCATENATE

4.2.119 EXP

This function returns e raised to the power of the specified value.

Syntax

EXP(value)

Arguments

The argument for this function is any numeric value.

Remarks

Mathematically, this function is (e ).

This function is the inverse of LN, so EXP (LN(x)) results in x.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

EXP(B3)

EXP(R1C2)

EXP(1) gives the result 2.7182818285

See Also

LOG

POWER

4.2.120 EXPONDIST

This function returns the exponential distribution or the probability density.

Syntax

EXPONDIST(value,lambda,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Value of the function; must be positive or zero lambda Parameter value; must be greater than zero

Logical value indicating whether to return the cumulative distribution; set to TRUE

cumulative to return the cumulative distribution; set to FALSE to return the probability density

Remarks

Use this function to model the time between events, such as how long an automated bank teller takes to deliver cash. For example, you can use this function to determine the probability that the process takes at most one minute.

The cumulative distribution is calculated as follows:

where x is the value argument, lambda is the lambda argument.

The probability density is calculated as follows:

where x is the value argument, lambda is the lambda argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data, except the third argument, which accepts logical data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

EXPONDIST(C12,10,TRUE)

EXPONDIST(R12C3,8,FALSE)

EXPONDIST(0.2,10,TRUE) gives the result 0.8646647168

See Also

BINOMDIST

4.2.121 EXPON.DIST

This function returns the exponential distribution or the probability density.

Syntax

EXPON.DIST(value,lambda,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Value of the function; must be positive or zero lambda Parameter value; must be greater than zero

Logical value indicating whether to return the cumulative distribution; set to TRUE to

cumulative return the cumulative distribution; set to FALSE to return the probability density

Remarks

The cumulative distribution is calculated as follows:

where x is the value argument, lambda is the lambda argument.

The probability density is calculated as follows:

where x is the value argument, lambda is the lambda argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data, except the third argument, which accepts logical data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

EXPON.DIST(C12,10,TRUE)

EXPON.DIST(R12C3,8,FALSE)

EXPON.DIST(0.2,10,TRUE) gives the result 0.8646647167633873

4.2.122 FACT

This function calculates the factorial of the specified number.

Syntax

FACT(number)

Arguments

The argument can be any numeric value.

Remarks

The factorial is the product of the positive integers less than or equal to a number and is calculated as 1 x 2 x 3 x . . . x number, and is typically written as n! for n being the number. For example, 4! is 1 x 2 x 3 x 4, which is 24. The argument must be a non-negative number. If you provide a number that is not an integer for the argument, the decimal portion of the number is ignored.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FACT(B3)

FACT(R1C2)

FACT(10) gives the result 3628800

See Also

FACTDOUBLE

PRODUCT

4.2.123 FACTDOUBLE

This function calculates the double factorial of the specified number.

Syntax

FACTDOUBLE(number)

Arguments

The argument can be any non-negative numeric value.

Remarks

The number argument must be a non-negative number. If you provide a number that is not an integer for the number argument, the decimal portion of the number is ignored. The double factorial is calculated as follows for even numbers:

n!! = n(n-2)(n-4) ... (4)(2)

The double factorial is calculated as follows for odd numbers:

n!! = n(n-2)(n-4) ... (3)(1)

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FACTDOUBLE(E3)

FACTDOUBLE(R3C5)

FACTDOUBLE(6) gives the result 48

See Also

FACT

PRODUCT

4.2.124 FALSE

This function returns the value for logical FALSE.

Syntax

FALSE()

Remarks

This function does not accept arguments.

Data Types

Does not accept data. Returns numeric (boolean) data.

Example

FALSE() gives the result 0 (FALSE)

See Also

TRUE

4.2.125 FDIST

This function calculates the F probability distribution, to see degrees of diversity between two sets of data.

Syntax

FDIST(value,degnum,degden)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Value at which to evaluate the function

Number of degrees of freedom for the numerator; if not an integer, the number is

degnum

truncated

Number of degrees of freedom for the denominator; if not an integer, the number is

degden

truncated

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FDIST(A1,2,2)

FDIST(R1C1,2,1)

FDIST(16.83975,5,3) gives the result 0.021

See Also

FINV

4.2.126 F.DIST

This function calculates the F probability distribution, to see degrees of diversity between two sets of data.

Syntax

F.DIST(value,degnum,degden,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value	Value at which to evaluate the function
degnum	Number of degrees of freedom for the numerator; if not an integer, the number is truncated
degden	Number of degrees of freedom for the denominator; if not an integer, the number is truncated
cumulative	A logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, this function returns the cumulative distribution function; if FALSE, it returns the probability density function

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments except cumulative. Returns numeric data.

Examples

F.DIST(A1,2,2,TRUE)

F.DIST(R1C1,2,1,TRUE)

F.DIST(16.83975,5,3,TRUE) gives the result 0.9789999175380504

4.2.127 F.DIST.RT

This function calculates the F probability distribution, to see degrees of diversity between two sets of data.

Syntax

F.DIST.RT(value,degnum,degden)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value	Value at which to evaluate the function
degnum	Number of degrees of freedom for the numerator; if not an integer, the number is truncated
degden	Number of degrees of freedom for the denominator; if not an integer, the number is

truncated

Remarks

The #VALUE! error value is returned if any argument is nonnumeric.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

F.DIST.RT(A1,2,2)

F.DIST.RT(R1C1,2,1)

F.DIST.RT(16.83975,5,3) gives the result 0.021000082461949843

4.2.128 FIND

This function finds one text value within another and returns the text value’s position in the text you searched.

Syntax

FIND(findtext,intext,start)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Text you are trying to find; if empty ("?"), the function matches the first character in the

findtext search string (that is, the character numbered start or 1); cannot contain wildcard characters

intext Text through which you are searching

[Optional] Number representing character at which to start the search; the first character

start of intext is 1; if omitted, the calculation starts at 1; if not an integer, the number is

truncated

Remarks

This function performs a case-specific search (for example, to specify a capital letter and not lower case letters).

Data Types

Accepts string data for the findtext argument, string data for the intext argument, and numeric data for the start argument. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FIND(""G"",A2,1)

FIND(""G"",R2C1,1)

FIND(""P"",""FarPoint Technologies"") gives the result 4

FIND(""n"",""FarPoint Technologies"",8) gives the result 4

See Also

REPLACE

SUBSTITUTE

4.2.129 FINV

This function returns the inverse of the F probability distribution.

Syntax

FINV(p,degnum,degden)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

p Probability associated with the F cumulative distribution degnum Number of degrees of freedom for the numerator; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Number of degrees of freedom for the denominator; if not an integer, the number is

degden truncated

If either degnum or degden is not an integer, it is truncated.

Remarks

This function calculates the inverse of the F probability distribution, so if p = FDIST(x,...), then FINV(p,...) = x.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FINV(A1,2,2)

FINV(R1C1,2,1)

FINV(0.021,5,3) gives the result 16.83975

See Also

FDIST

4.2.130 F.INV

This function returns the inverse of the F probability distribution.

Syntax

F.INV(p,degnum,degden)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

p Probability associated with the F cumulative distribution

Number of degrees of freedom for the numerator; if not an integer, the number is

degnum

truncated

Number of degrees of freedom for the denominator; if not an integer, the number is

degden

truncated

Remarks

This function calculates the inverse of the F probability distribution, so if p = F.DIST(x,...), then F. INV(p,...) = x.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

F.INV(A1,2,2)

F.INV(R1C1,2,1)

F.INV(0.021,5,3) gives the result 0.11813305544967191

4.2.131 F.INV.RT

This function returns the inverse of the F probability distribution.

Syntax

F.INV.RT(p,degnum,degden)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

p Probability associated with the F cumulative distribution

Number of degrees of freedom for the numerator; if not an integer, the number is

degnum

truncated

Number of degrees of freedom for the denominator; if not an integer, the number is

degden

truncated

Remarks

This function calculates the inverse of the F probability distribution, so if p = FDIST.RT(x,...), then FINV.RT(p,...) = x. The #VALUE! error value is returned if any argument is nonnumeric. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

F.INV.RT(A1,2,2)

F.INV.RT(R1C1,2,1)

F.INV.RT(0.021,5,3) gives the result 16.83979663538795

4.2.132 FISHER

This function returns the Fisher transformation for a specified value.

Syntax

FISHER(value)

Arguments

Provide a numeric value that is less than 1 and greater than –1 for which you want the transformation.

Remarks

This transformation produces an approximately normal distribution. Use this function to perform hypothesis testing on the correlation coefficient. The Fisher transformation is calculated as follows:

where x is the value argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FISHER(A43)

FISHER(R4C12)

FISHER(-0.65) gives the result -0.7752987062

See Also

FISHERINV

4.2.133 FISHERINV

This function returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation for a specified value.

Syntax

FISHERINV(value)

Arguments

The argument is the specified numeric value.

Remarks

Use this transformation when analyzing correlations between ranges or arrays of data. This function calculates the inverse of the Fisher transformation, so if y = FISHER(x), then FISHERINV(y) = x.

The inverse Fisher transformation is calculated as follows:

where y is the value argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FISHERINV(A43)

FISHERINV(R4C12)

FISHERINV(0.56) gives the result 0.5079774329

See Also

FISHER

4.2.134 FIXED

This function rounds a number to the specified number of decimal places, formats the number in decimal format using a period and commas (if so specified), and returns the result as text.

Syntax

FIXED(num,digits,notcomma)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

num Number to round and convert to text digits [Optional] Number of decimal places; if omitted, uses two places

[Optional] Logical value whether not to use commas; if omitted or FALSE, returns

notcomma with commas

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for first two arguments; accepts logical value for the third argument. Returns string (text) data.

Examples

FIXED(B3)

FIXED(R3C2,2,FALSE)

FIXED(4.2365,3)

See Also

DOLLAR

4.2.135 FLOOR

This function rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of a specified value.

Syntax

FLOOR(value,signif)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Number to round

signif Number representing the rounding factor

Use either both positive or both negative numbers for the arguments. Regardless of the sign of the numbers, the value is rounded toward zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FLOOR(C4,B2)

FLOOR(B3,0.05)

FLOOR(R1C2,1)

FLOOR(4.65,2) gives the result 4

FLOOR(-2.78,-1) gives the result -2

See Also

CEILING

EVEN

ODD

TRUNC

4.2.136 FLOOR.PRECISE

This function rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of a specified value or to the nearest integer.

Syntax

FLOOR.PRECISE(value,signif) Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Number to round

signif Number representing the rounding factor

Use either both positive or both negative numbers for the arguments. Regardless of the sign of the numbers, the value is rounded toward zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FLOOR.PRECISE(C4,B2)

FLOOR.PRECISE(B3,0.05)

FLOOR.PRECISE(R1C2,1)

FLOOR.PRECISE(4.65,2) gives the result 4

FLOOR.PRECISE(-2.78,-1) gives the result -3

4.2.137 FORECAST

This function calculates a future value using existing values.

Syntax

FORECAST(value,Yarray,Xarray)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Value for which to predict the future dependent value

Yarray An array of known dependent values (y’s)

Xarray An array of known independent values (x’s)

Remarks

The predicted value is a y value for a given x value. The known values are existing x values and y values, and the new value is predicted by using linear regression. You can use this function to predict future sales, inventory requirements, or consumer trends.

This function is calculated as follows:

FORECAST Equation

where v is the value argument, Y is the Yarray argument, X is the Xarray argument, and n is the size of the arrays.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FORECAST(30,G1:G9,F1:F9)

FORECAST(30,R1C7:R9C7,R1C6:R9C6)

FORECAST(45,{53000,57000,58000,69000,74500,55620,80000, 68700}, {35,31,47,51,37,31,58,39}) gives the result 67060.8665320360

See Also

INTERCEPT

4.2.138 FREQUENCY

This function calculates how often values occur within a range of values. This function returns a vertical array of numbers.

Syntax

FREQUENCY(dataarray,binarray)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

dataarray Array of values or a reference to a set of values for which to count frequencies

Array of intervals or a reference to intervals into which to group the values of

binarray

dataarray

Remarks

The number of elements in the returned array is one greater than the number of elements in binarray. The extra element in the returned array is the count of values in dataarray that is above the highest value in binarray.

Use the INDEX function to get individual elements from the returned arrays.

Data Types

Accepts an array. Returns an array.

Examples

FREQUENCY(A1:A7,C2:C5)

See Also

AVEDEV

AVERAGEA

CONFIDENCE

DEVSQ

MEDIAN

VAR

4.2.139 FTEST

This function returns the result of an F-test, which returns the one-tailed probability that the variances in two arrays are not significantly different.

Syntax

FTEST(array1,array2)

Arguments

The arguments may be arrays of values.

Data Types

Accepts arrays of numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FTEST(A1:D34,A35:D68)

FTEST(R1C1:R34C4,R35C1:R68C4)

See Also

TTEST

ZTEST

4.2.140 F.TEST

This function returns the result of an F-test, which returns the two-tailed probability that the variances in two arrays are not significantly different.

Syntax

F.TEST(array1,array2)

Arguments

The arguments may be arrays of values.

Data Types

Accepts arrays of numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

F.TEST(A1:D34,A35:D68)

F.TEST(R1C1:R34C4,R35C1:R68C4)

4.2.141 FV

This function returns the future value of an investment based on a present value, periodic payments, and a specified interest rate.

Syntax

FV(rate,numper,paymt,pval,type)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument	Description
rate	Interest rate expressed as percentage (per period)
numper	Total number of payment periods
paymt	Payment made each period
pval	[Optional] Present value; if omitted, uses zero and the calculation is based on the paymt argument.
type	[Optional] Indicates when payments are due; at the end (0) or beginning (1) of the period; if omitted, the calculation uses the end (0)

Remarks

Use consistent units for specifying the rate and number of periods arguments. If you make monthly payments on a five-year loan at 8 percent annual interest, use 0.08/12 for the rate argument and 5*12 for the number of periods argument. If you make annual payments on the same loan, use 0.08 for rate and 5 for number of periods.

For the arguments, money paid out (such as deposits in an investment) is represented by negative numbers; money you receive (such as dividend checks) is represented by positive numbers.

See the PV function for the equations for calculating financial values.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FV(A1/12,48,B1,1000,0)

FV(R1C1/12,48,R1C2,1000,0)

FV(0.005,60,-100,100,1) gives the result $6877.00

See Also

FVSCHEDULE

NPER

PMT

4.2.142 FVSCHEDULE

This function returns the future value of an initial principal after applying a series of compound interest rates. Calculate future value of an investment with a variable or adjustable rate.

Syntax

FVSCHEDULE(principal,schedule)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

principal Present value of the principal schedule Schedule, array of interest rates to apply

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

FVSCHEDULE(4,A1:C1)

FVSCHEDULE(45,R1C1:R7C1)

FVSCHEDULE(1000,{0.8,0.6,0.7}) gives the result 4896

See Also

4.2.143 GAMMADIST

This function returns the gamma distribution.

Syntax

GAMMADIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Value at which to evaluate the distribution alpha Alpha parameter of the distribution beta Beta parameter of the distribution

Logical value that determines the form of the function If cumulative is TRUE, then this

cumulative function returns the cumulative distribution function; if FALSE, it returns the probability mass function.

Remarks

The equation for this function is:

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

GAMMADIST(A5,1,3,FALSE)

GAMMADIST(R5C1,2,1,TRUE)

GAMMADIST(4,3,2,TRUE) gives the result 0.3233235838

GAMMADIST(4,3,2,FALSE) gives the result 0.1353352832

See Also

BETADIST

GAMMAINV

GAMMALN

KURT

POISSON

4.2.144 GAMMA.DIST

This function returns the gamma distribution.

Syntax

GAMMA.DIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Value at which to evaluate the distribution alpha Alpha parameter of the distribution beta Beta parameter of the distribution

Logical value that determines the form of the function If cumulative is TRUE, then

cumulative this function returns the cumulative distribution function; if FALSE, it returns the probability density function.

The equation for this function is:

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

GAMMA.DIST(A5,1,3,FALSE)

GAMMA.DIST(R5C1,2,1,TRUE)

GAMMA.DIST(4,3,2,TRUE) gives the result 0.3233235838169362

GAMMA.DIST(4,3,2,FALSE) gives the result 0.1353352832366127

4.2.145 GAMMAINV

This function returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution.

Syntax

GAMMAINV(p,alpha,beta)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

p Probability

alpha Alpha parameter of the distribution beta Beta parameter of the distribution This function calculates the inverse of the F probability distribution, so if p = GAMMADIST(x,...), then GAMMAINV(p,...) = x.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

GAMMAINV(A3,3,4)

GAMMAINV(0.8902,R3C8,R3C9)

GAMMAINV(0.75,2,3) gives the result 8.0779035867

See Also

GAMMADIST

GAMMALN

4.2.146 GAMMA.INV

This function returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution.

Syntax

GAMMA.INV(p,alpha,beta)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

p Probability

alpha Alpha parameter of the distribution beta Beta parameter of the distribution This function calculates the inverse of the F probability distribution, so if p = GAMMA.DIST(x,...), then GAMMA.INV(p,...) = x. The standard gamma distribution is returned if beta = 1. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

GAMMA.INV(A3,3,4)

GAMMA.INV(0.8902,R3C8,R3C9)

GAMMA.INV(0.75,2,3) gives the result 8.077903586669088

4.2.147 GAMMALN

This function returns the natural logarithm of the Gamma function, G(x).

Syntax

GAMMALN(value)

Arguments

The argument is any numeric value.

Remarks

This function is calculated as the natural logarithm (LN) of the Gamma function.

The equation for this function is:

where x is the value argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

GAMMALN(A4)

GAMMALN(R4C1)

GAMMALN(12) gives the result 17.5023078459

See Also

GAMMADIST

GAMMAINV

4.2.148 GAMMALN.PRECISE

This function returns the natural logarithm of the Gamma function, G(x).

Syntax

GAMMALN.PRECISE(value)

Arguments

The argument is any numeric value.

Remarks

This function is calculated as the natural logarithm (LN) of the Gamma function. If value is nonnumeric, the function returns the #VALUE! error value. If x = 0, this function returns the #NUM! error value.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

GAMMALN.PRECISE(A4)

GAMMALN.PRECISE(R4C1)

GAMMALN.PRECISE(12) gives the result 17.502307845873887

4.2.149 GCD

This function returns the greatest common divisor of two numbers.

Syntax

GCD(number1,number2)

Arguments

The arguments are two numeric values. If the arguments are not integers, they are truncated to integers. This function can have up to 255 arguments.

Remarks

The greatest common divisor is the largest integer that divides both numbers without a remainder. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

GCD(B5,G7)

GCD(R5C2,R7C7)

GCD(3348,972) gives the result 108 GCD(12.8,16.3) gives the result 4

See Also

LCM

4.2.150 GEOMEAN

This function returns the geometric mean of a set of positive data.

Syntax

GEOMEAN(value1,value2,...)

GEOMEAN(array)

GEOMEAN(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

You can specify a set of numeric values. You can also use a single array or a reference to an array instead of arguments separated by commas. If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores those values; however, the function includes in calculations cells with the value zero. This function can have up to 255 arguments. Data should be provided so that the value arguments should be greater than zero.

Remarks

You can use this function to calculate average growth rate given compound interest with variable rates.

The equation for this function is:

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

GEOMEAN(F1:F9)

GEOMEAN(R1C6:R9C6)

GEOMEAN(35,31,47,51,37,31,58,39) gives the result 40.1461796637

See Also

HARMEAN

4.2.151 GESTEP

This function, greater than or equal to step, returns an indication of whether a number is equal to a threshold.

Syntax

GESTEP(number,step)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Value to test against the step (which is either step or zero) step [Optional] Value of the threshold against which to test; if omitted, uses zero

Remarks

If the number is greater than or equal to the step, this function returns one. Otherwise it returns zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric (0 or 1) data.

Examples

GESTEP(B5,7)

GESTEP(43) gives the result 1

See Also

DELTA

4.2.152 GROWTH

This function calculates predicted exponential growth. This function returns the y values for a series of new x values that are specified by using existing x and y values.

Syntax

GROWTH(y,x,newx,constant)

Remarks

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

y Set of y values that are known in the relationship y=b*m^x

(Optional) X is an optional set of x values that may be known in the relationship

x y=b*m^x

newx New x values for which this functions returns the corresponding y values constant Logical value that specifies whether to force the constant b to equal 1

If constant is true or omitted then b is calculated normally. If constant is false then b is equal to 0 and the m values are adjusted so that y=m^x.

If x is omitted then x defaults to the array {1,2,3...}, that has the same dimensions as y.

If newx is omitted then it defaults to x.

Remarks

Use the INDEX function to get individual elements from the returned array.

Data Types

Accepts an array. Returns an array.

Examples

GROWTH(A2:A7,C2:C7,A9:A10)

See Also

AVEDEV

AVERAGEA

DEVSQ

FREQUENCY

MEDIAN

TREND

VAR

4.2.153 HARMEAN

This function returns the harmonic mean of a data set.

Syntax

HARMEAN(value1,value2,...)

HARMEAN(array)

HARMEAN(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

The harmonic mean is always less than the geometric mean, which is always less than the arithmetic mean

The equation for this function is:

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

HARMEAN(F1:F9)

HARMEAN(R1C6:R9C6)

HARMEAN(35,31,47,51,37,31,58,39) gives the result 39.2384929823

See Also

GEOMEAN

4.2.154 HEX2BIN

This function converts a hexadecimal number to a binary number.

Syntax

HEX2BIN(number, places)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Hexadecimal numeric value to convert, must be between FFFFFFFE00 and 1FF places [Optional] Number of characters to return; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

This functions returns an error when the number is not a valid hexadecimal value or if the value for places is non-numeric or negative. If places is omitted, the calculation uses the minimum number of characters necessary. This argument is useful for adding leading zeros to the result.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

HEX2BIN("F",5)

See Also

BIN2HEX

HEX2DEC

HEX2OCT

OCT2HEX

4.2.155 HEX2DEC

This function converts a hexadecimal number to a decimal number.

Syntax

HEX2DEC(number)

Arguments

Specify the number to convert, which is limited to a maximum of 10 characters.

Remarks

An error value is returned if the number is invalid or more than 10 characters.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

HEX2DEC("FF")

See Also

BIN2DEC

HEX2BIN

HEX2OCT

OCT2DEC

4.2.156 HEX2OCT

This function converts a hexadecimal number to an octal number.

Syntax

HEX2OCT(number, places)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Hexadecimal numeric value to convert, must be between FFE0000000 and

number

1FFFFFFF

places [Optional] Number of characters to return; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

This functions returns an error when the number is not a valid hexadecimal number or if the value for places is non-numeric or negative. If places is omitted, the calculation uses the minimum number of characters necessary. This argument is useful for adding leading zeros to the result.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

HEX2OCT("2B")

See Also

BIN2OCT

DEC2OCT

HEX2BIN

HEX2DEC

4.2.157 HLOOKUP

This function searches for a value in the top row and then returns a value in the same column from a specified row.

Syntax

HLOOKUP(value,array,row,approx)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value	Value to be found in the first row
array	Array or range that contains the data to search
row	Row number in the array from which the matching value will be returned
approx	[Optional] Logical value indicating whether to find an approximate match; if omitted, uses TRUE and finds an approximate match

Remarks

If approx is FALSE, it finds an exact match, not an approximate match. If it cannot find one, it returns an #N/A error value.

If approx is TRUE or omitted, and the value cannot be found, then the largest value that is less than the value is used.

This function is similar to VLOOKUP except that it searches by row (horizontally), instead of vertically (by column).

Data Types

Accepts numeric or string data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

HLOOKUP("Test",A1:D5,3,TRUE)

See Also

LOOKUP

4.2.158 HOUR

This function returns the hour that corresponds to a specified time.

Syntax

HOUR(time)

Arguments

Specify the time argument as a number (as in 37806.5) a string (as in "7/4/2003 12:00"), a DateTime object, as in DATE(2003,7,4), or a TimeSpan object, as in TIME(12,0,0).

Remarks

The hour is returned as an integer, ranging from 0 (12:00 A.M.) to 23 (11:00 P.M.). Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, DateTime object, or TimeSpan object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

HOUR(A2)

HOUR(R2C1)

HOUR(0.25) gives the result 6

HOUR(347.25) gives the result 6

HOUR("2:22 PM") gives the result 14

HOUR("2:22 AM") gives the result 2

HOUR(TIME(12,0,0))

See Also

MINUTE

SECOND

4.2.159 HYPGEOMDIST

This function returns the hypergeometric distribution.

Syntax

HYPGEOMDIST(x,n,M,N)

Arguments

The arguments are as follows, and are truncated if not integers:

Argument Description

x An integer representing the number of successes in the sample n An integer representing the size of the sample

M An integer representing the number of successes in the population

N An integer representing the size of the population

Remarks

The equation for this function is:

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

HYPGEOMDIST(A22,B23,62,1000)

HYPGEOMDIST(R22C11,R22C12,R34C14,R35C15)

HYPGEOMDIST(2,37,6,100) gives the result 0.3327981975

See Also

BINOMDIST

GAMMADIST

4.2.160 HYPGEOM.DIST

This function returns the hypergeometric distribution.

Syntax

HYPGEOM.DIST(x,n,M,N,cumulative)

Arguments

The arguments are as follows, and are truncated if not integers:

Argument Description

x An integer representing the number of successes in the sample n An integer representing the size of the sample

M An integer representing the number of successes in the population

N An integer representing the size of the population

A logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, then

cumulative this function returns the cumulative distribution function; if this argument is FALSE, it

returns the probability mass function

Remarks

If any argument is nonnumeric, the function returns the #VALUE! error value.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments except cumulative. Returns numeric data.

Examples

HYPGEOM.DIST(A22,B23,62,1000,C10)

HYPGEOM.DIST(R22C11,R22C12,R34C14,R35C15,R10C5)

HYPGEOM.DIST(2,37,6,100,200) gives the result 0.6079646750428083

4.2.161 IF

This function performs a comparison and returns one of two provided values based on that comparison.

Syntax

IF(valueTest,valueTrue,valueFalse)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

valueTest Value or expression to evaluate valueTrue Value to return if the test evaluates to true valueFalse Value to return if the test evaluates to false

Remarks

The value of valueTest is evaluated. If it is non-zero (or TRUE), then valueTrue is returned. If it is zero (or FALSE), then valueFalse is returned. The value of valueTest must be or evaluate to numeric data, where non-zero values indicate TRUE, and a value of zero indicates FALSE. It may contain one of the relational operators: greater than (>), less than (<), equal to (=), or not equal to (<>).

Data Types

Accepts numeric (boolean) data. Returns any data type.

Example

IF(A3<>2000,1900,2000)

IF(R1C2>65,1000,2000)

IF(C4,B2,B4)

IF(1>2,5,10) gives the result 10

IF(1<2,""dogs"",""cats"") gives the result dogs

See Also

AND

FALSE

4.2.162 IFERROR

This function evaluates a formula and returns a value you provide if there is an error or the formula result.

Syntax

IFERROR(value,error)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Value or expression to evaluate error Value to return if the formula returns an error Remarks

The following error types are evaluated, #VALUE!, #REF!, #NUM!, #NAME?, #DIV/O, #N/A, or #NULL

Data Types

Accepts any type of formula for the value. Returns any data type.

Example

IFERROR(A3/A5,"dogs")

See Also

AND

FALSE

4.2.163 IMABS

This function returns the absolute value or modulus of a complex number.

Syntax

IMABS(complexnum)

Arguments

The complexnum argument is a complex number for which to return the absolute value.

Remarks

An error is returned if the complexnum argument is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns number data.

Examples

IMABS("3+5j")

See Also

COMPLEX

4.2.164 IMAGINARY

This function returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex number.

Syntax

IMAGINARY(complexnum)

Arguments

The complexnum argument is a complex number for which to return the imaginary coefficient.

Remarks

An error is returned if the complexnum argument is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns number data.

Examples

IMAGINARY("3+5j")

See Also

COMPLEX

IMREAL

4.2.165 IMARGUMENT

This function returns the argument theta, which is an angle expressed in radians.

Syntax

IMARGUMENT(complexnum)

Arguments

The complexnum argument is a complex number for which to return the argument theta.

Remarks

An error is returned if the complexnum argument is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns number data.

Examples

IMARGUMENT("3+5j")

See Also

COMPLEX

IMCOS

IMSIN

4.2.166 IMCONJUGATE

This function returns the complex conjugate of a complex number.

Syntax

IMCONJUGATE(complexnum)

Arguments

The complexnum argument is a complex number for which to return the conjugate.

Remarks

An error is returned if the complexnum argument is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMCONJUGATE("3+5j")

See Also

COMPLEX

IMABS

4.2.167 IMCOS

This function returns the cosine of a complex number.

Syntax

IMCOS(complexnum)

Arguments

The complexnum argument is a complex number for which to return the cosine.

Remarks

An error is returned if the complexnum argument is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMCOS("3+5j")

See Also

COMPLEX

IMARGUMENT

IMSIN

4.2.168 IMDIV

This function returns the quotient of two complex numbers.

Syntax

IMDIV(complexnum,complexdenom)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

complexnum Complex numerator or dividend complexdenom Complex denominator or divisor

Remarks

An error is returned if the arguments are not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMDIV("3+5j","10+20i")

See Also

IMPRODUCT

IMSQRT

4.2.169 IMEXP

This function returns the exponential of a complex number.

Syntax

IMEXP(complexnum)

Arguments

The complexnum argument is a complex number for which to return the exponential.

Remarks

An error is returned if the complexnum argument is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMEXP("2+5j")

See Also

IMLN

IMLOG2

IMLOG10

IMPOWER

4.2.170 IMLN

This function returns the natural logarithm of a complex number.

Syntax

IMLN(complexnum)

Arguments

The complexnum argument is a complex number for which to return the natural logarithm.

Remarks

An error is returned if the complexnum argument is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMLN("2+5j")

See Also

IMEXP

IMLOG2

IMLOG10

4.2.171 IMLOG2

This function returns the base-2 logarithm of a complex number.

Syntax

IMLOG2(complexnum)

Arguments

The complexnum argument is a complex number for which to return the base-2 logarithm.

Remarks

An error is returned if the complexnum argument is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMLOG2("2+5j")

See Also

IMEXP

IMLN

IMLOG10

4.2.172 IMLOG10

This function returns the common logarithm of a complex number.

Syntax

IMLOG10(complexnum)

Arguments

The complexnum argument is a complex number for which to return the common logarithm.

Remarks

An error is returned if the complexnum argument is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMLOG10("2+5j")

See Also

IMEXP

IMLN

IMLOG2

4.2.173 IMPOWER

This function returns a complex number raised to a power.

Syntax

IMPOWER(complexnum,powernum)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

complexnum Complex number to raise to a power powernum Power to which to raise the complex number

The power (powernum argument) can be an integer, negative, or fractional.

Remarks

An error is returned if complexnum is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj" or if powernum is nonnumeric. For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMPOWER("2+5j",4)

See Also

IMEXP

IMPRODUCT

4.2.174 IMPRODUCT

This function returns the product of up to 29 complex numbers in the "x+yi" or "x+yj" text format.

Syntax

IMPRODUCT(complexnum1,complexnum2, ...)

Arguments

The arguments are the complex numbers to multiply. There can be up to 29 of them.

Arrays in the x+yi format or range references are allowed.

Remarks

An error is returned if the arguments are not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMPRODUCT("2+5j",4)

IMPRODUCT({"1+2i","3+4i"})

See Also

IMDIV

IMPOWER

4.2.175 IMREAL

This function returns the real coefficient of a complex number in the x+yi or x+yj text format.

Syntax

IMREAL(complexnum)

Arguments

The complexnum argument is a complex number for which to return the real coefficient.

Remarks

An error is returned if the complexnum argument is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns number data.

Examples

IMREAL("2-5j")

See Also

COMPLEX

IMAGINARY

4.2.176 IMSIN

This function returns the sine of a complex number in the x+yi or x+yj text format.

Syntax

IMSIN(complexnum)

Arguments

The complexnum argument is a complex number for which to return the sine.

Remarks

An error is returned if the complexnum argument is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMSIN("2-5j")

See Also

IMCOS

IMARGUMENT

4.2.177 IMSQRT

This function returns the square root of a complex number in the x+yi or x+yj text format.

Syntax

IMSQRT(complexnum)

Arguments

The complexnum argument is a complex number for which to return the square root.

Remarks

An error is returned if the complexnum argument is not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMSQRT("2-5j")

See Also

IMDIV

IMPRODUCT

4.2.178 IMSUB

This function returns the difference of two complex numbers in the x+yi or x+yj text format.

Syntax

IMSUB(complexnum1,complexnum2)

Arguments

The complexnum1 is a complex number from which to subtract the other complex number complexnum2.

Remarks

An error is returned if the arguments are not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMSUB("2+5j","5+3i")

See Also

COMPLEX

IMSUM

4.2.179 IMSUM

This function returns the sum of two or more complex numbers in the x+yi or x+yj text format.

Syntax

IMSUM(complexnum1,complexnum2, ...)

Arguments

The arguments are the complex numbers to multiply. There can be up to 29 of them.

Arrays in the "x+yi" or "x+yj" format or range references are allowed.

Remarks

An error is returned if the arguments are not in the form "x+yi" or "x+yj". For more information, refer to Complex Numbers.

Data Types

Accepts number and string data. Returns string data.

Examples

IMSUM("2+5j","5+3i")

IMSUM(A1:B5)

IMSUM({"2+5j","5+3i"})

See Also

COMPLEX

IMSUB

4.2.180 INDEX

This function returns a value or the reference to a value from within an array or range.

Syntax

INDEX(return,row,col,area)

Arguments

The arguments are as follows, and are truncated if not integers:

Argument Description

return Returns a value or a reference of a cell or range of cells

row Row number in the range col Column number in the range

area [If return is a cell range reference] Area of the range

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

INDEX(A2:C3,2,2)

INDEX(R2C1:R3C3,5,3)

See Also

CHOOSE

4.2.181 INDIRECT

This function returns the reference specified by a text string.

Syntax

INDIRECT(Reftext,A1)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argu

Description

ment

RefteA reference to a cell that contains an A1 reference, an R1C1 reference, a name defined as a xt reference, or a text string reference to a cell. This argument is required.

A logical value that specifies what type of reference is contained in the cell Reftext. This

argument is optional.

Remarks

Use INDIRECT when you want to change the reference to a cell within a formula without changing the formula itself. Reftext is interpreted as an A1 reference if A1 is TRUE or omitted. Reftext is interpreted as an R1C1 reference if A1 is FALSE. If Reftext is not a valid cell reference, INDIRECT returns the #REF! error value. Changing a cell value causes the INDIRECT function and all dependent cells to recalculate.

Data Types

Accepts any data. Returns any data type.

Example

INDIRECT("A1")

INDIRECT(A1)

INDIRECT("R[-"&B1&"]C[-"&B2&"]", false)

Using Code

This example adds values to cells and uses the INDIRECT formula.

JavaScript Copy Code

activeSheet.setValue(0,0,"b1"); activeSheet.setValue(1,0,"A") activeSheet.setValue(2,0,"B") activeSheet.setValue(0,1,2); activeSheet.setValue(1,1,3); activeSheet.setValue(2,1,1);

//activeSheet.getCell(1,3).formula("=INDIRECT(A1)"); //activeSheet.getCell(1,3).formula('=INDIRECT("A1")'); activeSheet.getCell(1,3).formula("=INDIRECT(A3&B2)");

4.2.182 INT

This function rounds a specified number down to the nearest integer.

Syntax

INT(value)

Arguments

Use any numeric value for the argument.

Remarks

You can use this function to return the decimal portion of the value in a cell by subtracting the value of this function for the cell from the value in the cell, as illustrated in the first example.

The TRUNC and INT functions are similar in that both return integers. Use the TRUNC function to remove the decimal portion of the number; the TRUNC function does not round up or down. Use the INT function to round numbers down to the nearest integer-based decimal portion of the number. These functions differ also when using negative numbers: TRUNC(–4.2) returns –4, but INT(–4.2) returns –5 because –5 is the lower number.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

INT(A3)

R1C2-INT(R1C2)

INT(2.85) gives the result 2

INT(-2.85) gives the result -3

See Also

CEILING

EVEN

FLOOR

4.2.183 INTERCEPT

This function returns the coordinates of a point at which a line intersects the y-axis, by using existing x values and y values.

Syntax

INTERCEPT(dependent,independent)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

dependent An array of known dependent values (y’s) independent An array of known independent values (x’s)

You can use numbers, arrays, or references for the arguments.

Remarks

The intercept point is based on a best-fit regression line plotted through the known x-values and known y-values. Use the intercept when you want to determine the value of the dependent variable when the independent variable is 0 (zero). For example, you can use this function to predict a metal’s electrical resistance at 0°C when your data points were taken at room temperature and higher.

If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores those values; however, the function includes in calculations cells with the value zero.

The number of dependent data points must be equal to the number of independent data points.

The equation for this function is:

INTERCEPT Equation

where Y is the array of dependent variables, X is the array of independent variables, and n is the size of the arrays.

Data Types

Accepts arrays of numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

INTERCEPT(G1:G9,F1:F9)

INTERCEPT(R1C7:R9C7,R1C6:R9C6)

INTERCEPT({53000,57000,58000,69000,74500,55620,80000, 68700}, {35,31,47,51,37,31,58,39}) gives the result 37060.4809987149

See Also

FORECAST

4.2.184 INTRATE

This function calculates the interest rate for a fully invested security.

Syntax

INTRATE(settle,mature,invest,redeem,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle Settlement date for the security. mature Maturity date for the security. invest Amount invested in the security. redeem Amount to be received at maturity.

basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle or mature is invalid. Settle, mature, and basis are truncated to integers. If invest or redeem is less than or equal to 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. If settle is greater than or equal to mature, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

INTRATE(A1,B3,70000,72000,3)

INTRATE(R1C1,R4C4,82000,86500,2)

INTRATE("3/1/2003","5/31/2003",65000,70000,2) gives the result 0.304311074

See Also

ACCRINT

EFFECT

RATE

RECEIVED

4.2.185 IPMT

This function calculates the payment of interest on a loan.

Syntax

IPMT(rate,per,nper,pval,fval,type)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

rate Value of interest rate per period.

per Number of the period for which to find the interest, between 1 and nper nper Total number of payment periods in an annuity.

pval Present value, worth now

[Optional] Future value, cash value after the last payment; if omitted, the calculation

fval uses zero

[Optional] Indicates when payments are due; at the end (0) or beginning (1) of the

type period; if omitted, the calculation uses the end (0)

Remarks

The result is represented by a negative number because it is money paid out by you.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

IPMT(0.65,A1,B3,C42)

IPMT(R1C1,R12C12,R13C13,R32C1)

IPMT(0.45, 2, 30, 6000) gives the result -$2,699.98

See Also

PMT

PPMT

RATE

4.2.186 IRR

This function returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows represented by the numbers in an array.

Syntax

IRR(arrayvals,estimate)

Remarks

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

An array of numbers for which you want to estimate the internal rate of return

arrayvals representing payments and income occurring at regular intervals (and use positive for income and negative for payment)

[Optional] An estimate of the internal rate of return; if omitted, the calculation uses 0.1

estimate

(10 percent)

Values must contain at least one positive value (some income) and one negative value (a payment) to calculate the internal rate of return.

Remarks

This function uses the order of values to interpret the order of payments and income. Be sure to enter your payment and income values in the sequence you want with correct signs. The payments and income must occur at regular time intervals, such as monthly or annually.

If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores those values; however, the function includes in calculations cells with the value zero.

The function is calculated using an iterative technique. Starting with the estimate, this function cycles through the calculation until the result is accurate within 0.00001 (0.001 percent). If this function cannot find a result that works after 50 iterations, it returns an error.

If the function returns an error or if the result is not close to what you expected, try again with a different value for the estimate.

This function is closely related to NPV, the net present value function. The rate of return calculated by IRR is the interest rate corresponding to a 0 (zero) net present value.

For a schedule of cash flows that is non-periodic, use XIRR.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments, the first being an array. Returns numeric data.

Examples

IRR(D1:D6)

IRR(R1C4:R6C4, -.02)

See Also

MIRR

NPV

4.2.187 ISBLANK

This function tests whether a value, an expression, or contents of a referenced cell is empty.

Syntax

ISBLANK(cellreference)

ISBLANK(value)

ISBLANK(expression)

Arguments

Specify a cell reference, a numeric or text value, or an expression for the argument.

Remarks

Use this function to test the contents of a cell, a numeric or text value directly, or a function or expression.

This function returns TRUE if the value refers to an empty cell or to no data.

Data Types

Accepts any data type for an argument. Returns Boolean (TRUE or FALSE) data.

Examples

ISBLANK(B1)

ISBLANK(A4)

ISBLANK(A4-52)

ISBLANK(4) gives the result FALSE

See Also

COUNTBLANK

ISERROR

ISREF

ISTEXT

4.2.188 ISERR

This function, Is Error Other Than Not Available, tests whether a value, an expression, or contents of a referenced cell has an error other than not available (#N/A).

Syntax

ISERR(cellreference)

ISERR(value)

ISERR(expression)

Arguments

Specify a cell reference, a numeric or text value, or an expression for the argument.

Remarks

Use this function to test the contents of a cell, a numeric or text value directly, or a function or expression.

This function returns TRUE if the value refers to an empty cell or to no data.

Data Types

Accepts any data type for an argument. Returns Boolean (TRUE or FALSE) data.

Examples

ISERR(B12)

ISERR(R12C2)

ISERR(#N/A) gives the result FALSE

ISERR(#REF!) gives the result TRUE

ISERR(C14) gives the result TRUE if C14 contains a #NUM! error.

See Also

ERROR.TYPE

ISERROR

ISNA

4.2.189 ISERROR

This function, Is Error of Any Kind, tests whether a value, an expression, or contents of a referenced cell has an error of any kind.

Syntax

ISERROR(cellreference)

ISERROR(value)

ISERROR(expression)

Arguments

Specify a cell reference, a numeric or text value, or an expression for the argument.

Remarks

Use this function to test the contents of a cell, a numeric or text value directly, or a function or expression.

This function returns TRUE if the value refers to an empty cell or to no data.

Data Types

Accepts any data type for an argument. Returns Boolean (TRUE or FALSE) data.

Examples

ISERROR(B12)

ISERROR(R12C2)

ISERROR(#N/A) gives the result TRUE

ISERROR(#REF!) gives the result TRUE

ISERROR(C14) gives the result TRUE if C14 contains a #NUM! error.

See Also

ERROR.TYPE

ISERR

ISNA

4.2.190 ISEVEN

This function, Is Number Even, tests whether a value, an expression, or contents of a referenced cell

is even.

Syntax

ISEVEN(cellreference)

ISEVEN(value)

ISEVEN(expression)

Arguments

Specify a cell reference, a numeric or text value, or an expression for the argument.

Remarks

If the number specified by the argument is even, the function returns TRUE. If the number specified by the argument is odd, the function returns FALSE. If the number specified by the argument is zero, the function returns TRUE. If the number specified by the argument refers to an empty cell or to no data, the function returns TRUE.

Use this function to test the contents of a cell, a numeric or text value directly, or a function or expression.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns Boolean (TRUE or FALSE) data.

Examples

ISEVEN(B3)

ISEVEN(R1C2)

ISEVEN(574) gives the result TRUE

ISEVEN(9) gives the result FALSE

ISEVEN(2.4) gives the result TRUE

ISEVEN(3.6) gives the result FALSE

ISEVEN(ROUND(3.6)) gives the result TRUE

See Also

EVEN

ISODD

4.2.191 ISLOGICAL

This function tests whether a value, an expression, or contents of a referenced cell is a logical (Boolean) value.

Syntax

ISLOGICAL(cellreference)

ISLOGICAL(value)

ISLOGICAL(expression)

Arguments

Specify a cell reference, a numeric or text value, or an expression for the argument.

Remarks

This function returns FALSE if the value refers to an empty cell or to no data.

Use this function to test the contents of a cell, a numeric or text value directly, or a function or expression.

Data Types

Accepts any data type for an argument. Returns Boolean (TRUE or FALSE) data.

Examples

ISLOGICAL(B7)

ISLOGICAL(R4C8)

ISLOGICAL(true) gives a result TRUE

ISLOGICAL(OR(B7,B8)) gives a result TRUE

See Also

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISTEXT

4.2.192 ISNA

This function, Is Not Available, tests whether a value, an expression, or contents of a referenced cell has the not available (#N/A) error value.

Syntax

ISNA(cellreference)

ISNA(value)

ISNA(expression)

Arguments

Specify a cell reference, a numeric or text value, or an expression for the argument.

Remarks

Use this function to test the contents of a cell, a numeric or text value directly, or a function or expression.

This function returns TRUE if the value is or refers to the Not Available error value, and returns FALSE if the value is or refers to a cell with no data.

Data Types

Accepts any data type for an argument. Returns Boolean (TRUE or FALSE) data.

Examples

ISNA(B12)

ISNA(R12C2)

ISNA(#N/A) gives the result TRUE

ISNA(NA()) gives the result TRUE

ISNA(#REF) gives the result FALSE

See Also

ERROR.TYPE

ISERR

ISERROR

4.2.193 ISNONTEXT

This function tests whether a value, an expression, or contents of a referenced cell has any data type other than text.

Syntax

ISNONTEXT(cellreference)

ISNONTEXT(value)

ISNONTEXT(expression)

Arguments

Specify a cell reference, a numeric or text value, or an expression for the argument.

Remarks

Use this function to test the contents of a cell, a numeric or text value directly, or a function or expression.

This function returns TRUE if the value refers to a blank cell.

Data Types

Accepts any data type for an argument. Returns Boolean (TRUE or FALSE) data.

Examples

ISNONTEXT(A3)

ISNONTEXT(R3C1)

ISNONTEXT(12) gives the result TRUE

ISNONTEXT("Total") gives the result FALSE

See Also

ISLOGICAL

ISNUMBER

ISTEXT

4.2.194 ISNUMBER

This function tests whether a value, an expression, or contents of a referenced cell has numeric data.

Syntax

ISNUMBER(cellreference)

ISNUMBER(value)

ISNUMBER(expression)

Arguments

Specify a cell reference, a numeric or text value, or an expression for the argument.

Remarks

Use this function to test the contents of a cell, a numeric or text value directly, or a function or expression.

This function returns TRUE if the argument is or refers to a number, and returns FALSE if the argument is or refers to a value that is not a number. This function returns FALSE if the value is or refers to a cell with no data.

You might want to use this function to test whether cells contain numeric data before you perform mathematical operations on them, such as averaging the contents of a range of cells. Data Types

Accepts any data type for an argument. Returns Boolean (TRUE or FALSE) data.

Examples

ISNUMBER(B3)

ISNUMBER(R1C2)

ISNUMBER(12) gives the result TRUE

See Also

ISLOGICAL

ISNONTEXT

ISREF

ISTEXT

4.2.195 ISO.CEILING

This function rounds a number up to the nearest integer or multiple of a specified value.

Syntax

ISO.CEILING(value,signif)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Number to round

signif [Optional] Number representing the rounding factor, default value is 1

If the number or the signif is zero, zero is returned. The absolute value of the multiple is used, so this function returns the mathematical ceiling regardless of the number signs and significance.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ISO.CEILING(4.3) gives the result 5

ISO.CEILING(-2.5, 2) gives the result -2

4.2.196 ISODD

This function, Is Number Odd, tests whether a value, an expression, or contents of a referenced cell has numeric data.

Syntax

ISODD(cellreference)

ISODD(value)

ISODD(expression)

Arguments

Specify a cell reference, a numeric or text value, or an expression for the argument.

Remarks

Use this function to test the contents of a cell, a numeric or text value directly, or a function or expression.

If the number specified by the argument is odd, the function returns TRUE. If the number specified by the argument is even, the function returns FALSE. If the number specified by the argument is zero, the function returns FALSE. If the number specified by the argument refers to an empty cell or to no data, the function returns TRUE.

Data Types

Accepts any data type for an argument. Returns Boolean (TRUE or FALSE) data.

Examples

ISODD(B3)

ISODD(R1C2)

ISODD(12) gives the result FALSE

ISODD(2.5) gives the result FALSE

ISODD(3.6) gives the result TRUE

ISODD(ROUND(3.6)) gives the result FALSE

See Also

ISEVEN

ODD

4.2.197 ISPMT

This function calculates the interest paid during a specific period of an investment.

Syntax

ISPMT(rate,per,nper,pv)

Remarks

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

rate Interest rate for the investment. per Number of the period for which to find the interest, between 1 and nper. nper Total number of payment periods for the investment.

pv Present value of the investment.

Remarks

Be consistent with the units for rate and nper.

The cash you pay out is represented by negative numbers and the cash you receive by positive numbers.

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ISPMT(B1,C4,C5,1)

ISPMT(R1C2,R4C3,R6C3,R7C3)

See Also

IPMT

PMT

4.2.198 ISREF

This function, Is Reference, tests whether a value, an expression, or contents of a referenced cell is a reference to another cell.

Syntax

ISREF(cellreference)

ISREF(value)

ISREF(expression)

Arguments

Specify a cell reference, a numeric or text value, or an expression for the argument.

Remarks

Use this function to test the contents of a cell, a numeric or text value directly, or a function or expression.

If the argument is a reference, this function returns TRUE. If the argument is not a reference, this function returns FALSE.

Accepts any data type for an argument. Returns Boolean (TRUE or FALSE) data.

Examples

ISREF(B3) gives the result TRUE

ISREF(R1C2) gives the result TRUE

ISREF(12) gives the result FALSE

See Also

ISBLANK

4.2.199 ISTEXT

This function tests whether a value, an expression, or contents of a referenced cell has text data.

Syntax

ISTEXT(cellreference)

ISTEXT(value)

ISTEXT(expression)

Arguments

Specify a cell reference, a numeric or text value, or an expression for the argument.

Remarks

Use this function to test the contents of a cell, a numeric or text value directly, or a function or expression.

If the data type of the argument is text, this function returns TRUE. If the data type of the argument is not text, this function returns FALSE. If the argument refers to an empty cell, this function returns

FALSE.

Accepts any data type for an argument. Returns Boolean (TRUE or FALSE) data.

Examples

ISTEXT(B3)

ISTEXT(R1C2)

ISTEXT("Total") gives the result TRUE

ISTEXT(12) gives the result FALSE

See Also

ISLOGICAL

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

4.2.200 KURT

This function returns the kurtosis of a data set.

Syntax

KURT(value1,value2,value3,value4,...)

KURT(array)

KURT(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

For the arguments, you can use numbers, arrays, or references. If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores those values; however, the function includes cells with the value zero in its calculations.

You must provide four or more value arguments. You may provide up to 255 arguments.

Remarks

Kurtosis describes how peaked or flat a distribution is compared with the normal distribution. Positive kurtosis indicates a relatively peaked distribution. Negative kurtosis indicates a relatively flat distribution.

If the standard deviation of the values is zero, this function returns the #DIV/0! error value.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

KURT(F1:F8)

KURT(R1C6:R8C6)

KURT(F1:F8,G1:G8)

KURT(35,31,47,51,37,31,58,39) gives the result -0.7496238078

See Also

GAMMADIST

4.2.201 LARGE

This function returns the nth largest value in a data set, where n is specified.

Syntax

LARGE(array,n)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array from which to return the nth largest value

The position (from the largest value) for which to return the value (for example, 5 to

n return the fifth largest value). Must be equal to or less than the number of items in the array.

Remarks

Use this function to select a value based on its relative standing. For example, you can use it to return the third-place score in a competition.

Data Types

Accepts array and numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

LARGE(F1:F8,2)

LARGE(R1C6:R8C6,5)

LARGE({35,31,47,51,37,31,58,39},3) gives the result 47.0000000000

See Also

SMALL

4.2.202 LCM

This function returns the least common multiple of two numbers.

Syntax

LCM(number1,number2)

Arguments

For the arguments, use numeric values. If the arguments are not integers, they are truncated to integers. This function can have up to 255 arguments.

Remarks

The least common multiple is the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of all integers given.

Use this function to add fractions with different denominators by calculating the least common

multiple of both denominators first.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

LCM(B12,C22)

LCM(R12C2,R22C3)

LCM(300,500) gives the result 1500

LCM(12.3,16.99) gives the result 48

See Also

GCD

4.2.203 LEFT

This function returns the specified leftmost characters from a text value.

Syntax

LEFT(mytext,num_chars)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

mytext Text string that contains the characters you want to extract.

[Optional] Number of characters to extract; if omitted, uses one; if not an integer, the

num_chars number is truncated

The mytext argument can be a string, a formula that returns a string, or a reference to a cell containing a string.

The num_chars argument has these rules:

· It must be greater than or equal to zero.

· If it is greater than the length of text, this function returns all the text.

Data Types

Accepts string data for the first argument and numeric data the second argument. Returns string data.

Examples

LEFT(A2,LEN(A2)–1)

LEFT(R2C1,LEN(R2C1)–1)

LEFT(""TotalPrice"") gives the result T

LEFT(""Total Price"", 5) gives the result Total

See Also

MID

RIGHT

4.2.204 LEN

This function returns the length of, the number of characters in, a text string.

Syntax

LEN(value)

Arguments

The argument is the text whose length you want to find. Spaces count as characters. The argument must be a string or a cell reference to a string value.

Data Types

Accepts string data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

LEFT(A2,LEN(A2)–1)

LEN(""FarPoint Technologies, NC"") gives the result 25

See Also

CHAR

TRIM

4.2.205 LINEST

This function calculates the statistics for a line.

Syntax

LINEST(y,x,constant,stats)

Arguments

The equation for the line is y=mx+b or y=m1x1+m2x2+...+b.

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

y Set of y values that are known in the relationship y=mx+b

(Optional) X is an optional set of x values that may be known in the relationship y=mx

Logical value that specifies whether to force the constant b to equal 0. If true or

constant omitted then b is calculated normally; if false then b is equal to 0 and the m values are adjusted so that y=mx.

Logical value that specifies whether to return additional regression statistics. If true,

stats then the additional regression statistics are returned if false or omitted then only the mcoefficients and b are returned.

If x is omitted then x defaults to the array {1,2,3...}, that has the same dimensions as y.

Remarks

Use the INDEX function to get individual elements from the returned array.

Data Types

Accepts an array. Returns an array.

Examples

LINEST(A2:A7,C2:C7,,FALSE)

See Also

DEVSQ

GROWTH

LOGEST

MEDIAN

TREND

VAR

4.2.206 LN

This function returns the natural logarithm of the specified number.

Syntax

LN(value)

Arguments

For the argument, specify a positive numeric value.

Remarks

This function is the inverse of EXP, so LN(EXP(x)) is x.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples LN(B3) LN(R1C2)

LN(10) gives the result 2.3025850930

LN(exp(1)) gives the result 1

See Also

EXP

LOG

LOGINV

4.2.207 LOG

This function returns the logarithm base Y of a number X.

Syntax

LOG(number,base)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Number for which to find a logarithm. This must be a positive real number

[Optional] Base of the logarithm; if omitted, the calculation uses 10 as the base (See

base

LOG10.)

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

LOG(B3,C5)

LOG(R1C2,R4C4)

LOG(255,16) gives the result 1.9985883592

See Also

LOG10

4.2.208 LOG10

This function returns the logarithm base 10 of the number given.

Syntax

LOG10(value)

Arguments

The number specified by the argument must be a positive real number.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

LOG10(B3)

LOG10(R1C2)

LOG10(115) gives the result 2.0606978404

See Also

LOG

4.2.209 LOGEST

This function calculates an exponential curve that fits the data and returns an array of values that describes the curve.

Syntax

LOGEST(y,x,constant,stats)

Arguments

The equation for the curve is y=b*m^x or y=(b*(m1^x1)*(m2^x2)*_).

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

y Set of y values that are known in the relationship y=b*m^x

(Optional) X is an optional set of x values that may be known in the relationship y=mx

Logical value that specifies whether to force the constant b to equal 0. If true or omitted

constant then b is calculated normally; if false then b is equal to 0 and the m values are adjusted so that y=m^x.

Logical value that specifies whether to return additional regression statistics. If true, then

stats the additional regression statistics are returned if false or omitted then only the mcoefficients and b are returned.

If x is omitted then x defaults to the array {1,2,3...}, that has the same dimensions as y.

Remarks

Use the INDEX function to get individual elements from the returned array.

Data Types

Accepts an array. Returns an array.

Examples

LOGEST(A2:A7,C2:C7,TRUE,FALSE)

See Also

DEVSQ

GROWTH

LINEST

MEDIAN

TREND

VAR

4.2.210 LOGINV

This function returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution function of x, where LN(x) is normally distributed with the specified mean and standard deviation.

Syntax

LOGINV(prob,mean,stdev)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

prob Value at which to evaluate the function mean Value of mean of natural logarithm of x, LN(x) stdev Value representing the standard deviation of LN(x)

Remarks

This function calculates the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution functions, so if p = LOGNORMDIST(x,...) then LOGINV(p,...) = x.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

LOGINV(0.92,B8,G22)

LOGINV(0.88,2,1.2) gives the result 30.26479297

See Also

LOGNORMDIST

4.2.211 LOGNORMDIST

This function returns the cumulative natural log normal distribution of x, where LN(x) is normally distributed with the specified mean and standard deviation. Analyze data that has been logarithmically transformed with this function.

Syntax

LOGNORMDIST(x,mean,stdev)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Value at which to evaluate the function mean Value of mean of natural logarithm of x, LN(x) stdev Value representing the standard deviation of LN(x)

Remarks

If p = LOGNORMDIST(x,...) then LOGINV(p,...) = x.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

LOGNORMDIST(0.92,B8,G22)

LOGNORMDIST(42,2,1.2) gives the result 0.926199546

See Also

LOGINV

4.2.212 LOGNORM.DIST

Syntax

LOGNORM.DIST(x,mean,stdev,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Value at which to evaluate the function mean Value of mean of natural logarithm of x, LN(x) stdev Value representing the standard deviation of LN(x)

A logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, this

cumulative function returns the cumulative distribution function; if FALSE, it returns the probability density function

Remarks

If any argument is nonnumeric, this function returns the #VALUE! error value.

The equation for the lognormal cumulative distribution function is:

LOGNORM.DIST(x,µ,o) = NORM.S.DIST(1n(x)-µ / o).

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for x, mean, and stdev arguments. Accepts TRUE or FALSE for

cumulative. Returns numeric data.

Examples

LOGNORM.DIST(0.92,B8,G22,A5)

LOGNORM.DIST(42,2,1.2,TRUE) gives the result 0.9261995869896625

4.2.213 LOGNORM.INV

This function returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution function of x, where LN(x) is normally distributed with the specified mean and standard deviation.

Syntax

LOGNORM.INV(prob,mean,stdev)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

prob Value at which to evaluate the function mean Value of mean of natural logarithm of x, LN(x) stdev Value representing the standard deviation of LN(x)

Remarks

This function calculates the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution functions, so if p =

LOGNORM.DIST(x,...) then LOGNORM.INV(p,...) = x. The #VALUE! error value is returned if any argument is nonnumeric.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

LOGNORM.INV(0.92,B8,G22)

LOGNORM.INV(0.88,2,1.2) gives the result 30.264764580330958

4.2.214 LOOKUP

This function searches for a value and returns a value from the same location in a second area.

Syntax

LOOKUP(lookupvalue,lookupvector,resultvector)

LOOKUP(lookupvalue,lookuparray)

Arguments

Vector Form

The arguments for the vector form are:

Argument Description

Value for which to search; can be number, text, logical value, or name or reference

lookupvalue that refers to a value

Cell range that contains one row or one column; can be text, numbers, or a logical

lookupvector value; values need to be in ascending order

resultvector Cell range that contains one row or column; must be the same size as lookupvector Array Form

The arguments for the array form are:

Argument Description

Value for which to search; can be number, text, logical value, or name or reference

lookupvalue that refers to a value

Range of cells that contains text, numbers, or logical values; values must be

lookuparray

ascending order

Remarks

Vector Form

The vector form of this function searches for a value from a range with a single row or column and returns a value from the same location in a second one row or one column range.

In the vector form, if lookupvalue can not be found, it matches the largest value in lookupvector that is less than or equal to lookupvalue.

Array Form

The array form of this function searches in the first row or column of an array for the specified value and returns a value from the same location in the last row or column of the array.

In the array form, if lookuparray has more columns than rows then the first row is searched. If lookuparray has more rows than columns then the first column is searched. The values in lookuparray must be in ascending order.

Data Types

Accepts numeric or string data. Returns numeric or string data.

Examples

LOOKUP(30,A1:A5,B1:B5)

LOOKUP("A",{"a","b","c","d";1,2,3,5})

See Also

HLOOKUP

VLOOKUP

4.2.215 LOWER

This function converts text to lower case letters.

Syntax

LOWER(string)

Arguments

The argument is the text you want to convert to lower case. This function does not change characters in value that are not letters. The argument may be a string, a reference to a cell containing a string, or a formula that returns a string.

Data Types

Accepts string data. Returns string data.

Examples

LOWER(A4)

LOWER(R4C1)

LOWER(""Road Race 2"") gives the result road race 2

LOWER(CONCATENATE(A1,A5))

See Also

UPPER

4.2.216 MATCH

This function returns the relative position of a specified item in a range.

Syntax

MATCH(value1,array,type)

Arguments

You can use a single array (cell range) instead of a list of values. You can use multiple arrays (cell ranges) as well.

Argument Description

value Value to search for array Range to search in

type [Optional] Value to return if the formula returns an error

Remarks

The value can be a number, text, or logical value or a cell reference to a number, text, or logical value. The array is the range of cells to search.

The type can be 0 (first value that is equal to value), 1 (largest value that is less than or equal to value), or -1 (smallest value that is greater than or equal to value) and is optional.

Data Types

The value can be a number, text, or logical value or a cell reference to a number, text, or logical value. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MATCH(25,A1:E5)

See Also

LOOKUP

MIN

4.2.217 MAX

This function returns the maximum value, the greatest value, of all the values in the arguments.

Syntax

MAX(value1,value2,...)

MAX(array)

MAX(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Each argument can be a double-precision floating point value, an integer value, or an array of these. Up to 255 arguments may be included. You can use a single array (cell range) instead of a list of values. You can use multiple arrays (cell ranges) as well.

Remarks

If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores those values; however, the function includes in calculations cells with the value zero.

This function differs from MAXA, which allows text and logical values as well as numeric values. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MAX(A1,B2,C3,D4,E5)

MAX(A1:A9)

MAX(R1C2:R1C15,R2C2:R2C15)

MAX(2,15,12,3,7,19,4) gives the result 19

See Also

MAXA

MIN

4.2.218 MAXA

This function returns the largest value in a list of arguments, including text and logical values.

Syntax

MAXA(value1,value2,...)

MAXA(array)

MAXA(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Each argument can be a double-precision floating point value, an integer value, text, or logical values. Up to 255 arguments may be included. You can use a single array (cell range) instead of a list of values. You can use multiple arrays (cell ranges) as well.

Remarks

This function differs from MAX because it allows text and logical values as well as numeric values. Data Types

Accepts numeric, text, or logical data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MAXA(A1,B2,C3,D4,E5)

MAXA(A1:A9)

MAXA(R1C2:R1C15,R2C2:R2C15)

MAXA(2,15,12,3,7,19,4) gives the result 19

See Also

MAX

MINA

4.2.219 MDETERM

This function returns the matrix determinant of an array.

Syntax

MDETERM(array)

Arguments

The array is a numeric array that has an equal number of columns and rows.

Arrays can be a cell range. If any of the array cells are empty or contain text then an error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts an array. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MDETERM(A3:E7)

See Also

MINVERSE

MMULT

4.2.220 MDURATION

This function calculates the modified Macauley duration of a security with an assumed par value of $100.

Syntax

MDURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yield,frequency,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settlement	Settlement date for the security
maturity	Maturity date for the security
coupon	Annual coupon rate
yield	Annual yield for the security
frequency	Frequency of payment, number of coupon payments per year; must be 1, 2, or 4
basis	[Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settlement or maturity is invalid or a #NUM! error when frequency is a number other than 1, 2, or 4. If coupon is less than 0 or yield is less than 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. If settlement is greater than or equal to maturity, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MDURATION(A1,B2,C3,D4,E5,F6)

See Also

DURATION

4.2.221 MEDIAN

This function returns the median, the number in the middle of the provided set of numbers; that is, half the numbers have values that are greater than the median, and half have values that are less than the median.

Syntax

MEDIAN(value1,value2,...)

MEDIAN(array)

MEDIAN(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

If there are an even number of arguments, the function calculates the average of the two numbers in the middle.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MEDIAN(A3,B5,C1,D4,E7)

MEDIAN(A1:A9)

MEDIAN(R1C2,R3C5,R4C7,R6C7)

MEDIAN(89,95,76,88,92) gives the result 89

See Also

AVERAGE

MODE

4.2.222 MID

This function returns the requested number of characters from a text string starting at the position you specify.

Syntax

MID(text,start_num,num_chars)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

text Text string containing the characters you want to extract

Number representing the first character you want to extract in text, with the first

start_num character in the text having a value of one (1); if not an integer, the number is truncated

num_chars Number of characters to return from text; if not an integer, the number is truncated

The text argument can be a string, a formula that returns a string, or a reference to a cell containing a string. The start_num argument has these rules

· If start_num is greater than the length of text, this function returns "" (empty text). If start_num is less than the length of text, but start_num plus num_chars exceeds the length of text, this function returns the characters up to the end of text.

Data Types

Accepts string data for the text argument, numeric data for the start_num argument, and numeric data for the num_chars argument. Returns string data.

Examples

MID(B17,5,8)

MID(""wind surfing"", 6, 20) gives the result surfing

See Also

LEFT

RIGHT

4.2.223 MIN

This function returns the minimum value, the least value, of all the values in the arguments.

Syntax

MIN(value1,value2,...)

MIN(array)

MIN(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores those values; however, the function includes in calculations cells with the value zero.

This function differs from MINA, which includes text and logical values as well as numeric values. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MIN(A3,B5,C1,D4,E7)

MIN(A1:A9)

MIN(R1C2,R3C5,R4C7,R6C7)

MIN(2,15,12,3,7,19,4) gives the result 2

See Also

MAX

MINA

4.2.224 MINA

This function returns the minimum value in a list of arguments, including text and logical values.

Syntax

MINA(value1,value2,...)

MINA(array)

MINA(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Each argument can be a double-precision floating point value, an integer value, text, logical value, or an array of these. Up to 255 arguments may be included. You can use a single array (cell range) instead of a list of values. You can use multiple arrays (cell ranges) as well.

Remarks

This function differs from MIN because it includes text and logical values as well as numeric values.

Data Types

Accepts numeric, text, or logical data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MINA(A3,B5,C1,D4,E7)

MINA(A1:A9)

MINA(R1C2,R3C5,R4C7,R6C7)

MINA(A1,B1) gives the result 0 if A1 is 10 and B1 is FALSE

See Also

MAXA

MIN

4.2.225 MINUTE

This function returns the minute corresponding to a specified time.

Syntax

MINUTE(time)

Arguments

Specify the time argument as a number (as in 37806.5) a string (as in "7/4/2003 12:00"), a DateTime object, as in DATE(2003,7,4), or a TimeSpan object, as in TIME(12,0,0). For more details on the date and time inputs, refer to Date and Time Functions. Dates as numeric values are in the form x.y, where x is the "number of days since December 30, 1899" and y is the fraction of day. Numbers to the left represent the date. Times as numeric values are decimal fractions ranging from 0 to 0.99999999, representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 A.M.) to 23:59:59 (11:59:59 P.M.).

The minute is returned as an integer, ranging from 0 to 59.

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, DateTime object, or TimeSpan object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MINUTE(D1)

MINUTE(R1C4)

MINUTE(0.7) gives the result 48

MINUTE("12:17") gives the result 17

MINUTE(TIME(12,0,0))

See Also

HOUR

SECOND

4.2.226 MINVERSE

This function returns the inverse matrix for the matrix stored in an array.

Syntax

MINVERSE(array)

Arguments

The array is a numeric array that has an equal number of columns and rows.

Arrays can be a cell range. If any of the array cells are empty or contain text then an error is returned.

Use the INDEX function to get individual elements from the returned array.

Data Types

Accepts an array. Returns an array.

Examples

MINVERSE(A3:E7)

See Also

MDETERM

MMULT

4.2.227 MIRR

This function returns the modified internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows.

Syntax

MIRR(arrayvals,payment_int,income_int)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

An array of numbers for which you want to estimate the internal rate of return

arrayvals representing payments and income occurring at regular intervals (and use positive for income and negative for payment)

payment_int Interest rate on money in cash flows income_int Interest rate on money invested from cash flows

Values must contain at least one positive value (some income) and one negative value (a payment) to calculate the internal rate of return. The payments and income must occur at regular time intervals, such as monthly or annually.

If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores those values; however, the function includes in calculations cells with the value zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments, the first being an array. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MIRR(D1:D6, D10, D12)

MIRR(R1C4:R6C4, R10C4, R12C4)

MIRR({7300,-15000,4036,3050},6.5%,8%) gives the result 0.0564050548577524

See Also

IRR

XIRR

4.2.228 MMULT

This function returns the matrix product for two arrays.

Syntax

MMULT(array1,array2)

Arguments

The arrays are numeric arrays where the columns in array1 match the rows in array2.

Arrays can be a cell range. If any of the array cells are empty or contain text then an error is returned.

Use the INDEX function to get individual elements from the returned array.

Data Types

Accepts an array for all arguments. Returns an array.

Examples

MMULT(A2:B3,D5:E6)

See Also

MDETERM

MINVERSE

4.2.229 MOD

This function returns the remainder of a division operation.

Syntax

MOD(dividend,divisor)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

dividend Number for which you want to find the remainder by dividing the divisor into it divisor Number by which you want to divide the dividend argument

Remarks

The remainder has the same sign as the divisor.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MOD(B3,10)

MOD(C4,B2)

MOD(R1C2,12)

MOD(255,16) gives the result 15

MOD(-3,2) gives the result 1

See Also

PRODUCT

QUOTIENT

4.2.230 MODE

This function returns the most frequently occurring value in a set of data.

Syntax

MODE(value1,value2,...)

MODE(array)

MODE(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

If no value occurs more than once, the function does not return a value. If more than one value occurs the same number of times, the function returns the first value that repeats that same number of times.

If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores

those values; however, the function includes in calculations cells with the value zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MODE(A3,B3,C3,D3)

MODE(A1:A9)

MODE(R1C2,12,10,R2C3)

MODE(A2:A9,B2:B9,B12:35)

MODE(89,95,88,97,88,74) gives the result 88

MODE(1,2,2,3,4,5,5) gives the result 2

See Also

AVERAGE

MEDIAN

4.2.231 MODE.MULT

This function returns a vertical array of the most frequently occurring value in a set of data.

Syntax

MODE.MULT(value1,value2,...)

MODE.MULT(array)

MODE.MULT(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores those values; however, the function includes in calculations cells with the value zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MODE.MULT(A3,B3,C3,D3)

MODE.MULT(A1:A9)

MODE.MULT(R1C2,12,10,R2C3)

MODE.MULT(A2:A9,B2:B9,B12:35)

MODE.MULT(89,95,88,97,88,74) gives the result 88

MODE.MULT(1,2,2,3,4,5,5) gives the result 2

4.2.232 MODE.SNGL

This function returns the most frequently occurring value in a set of data.

Syntax

MODE.SNGL(value1,value2,...)

MODE.SNGL(array)

MODE.SNGL(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores those values; however, the function includes in calculations cells with the value zero.

This function measures the central tendency which is the center location of a group of numbers in a statistical distribution. Some common measures of tendency are average, median, and mode. Average is the arithmetic mean, and is calculated by adding a group of numbers and then dividing by the number count. Median is the middle number of a group of numbers where half of the numbers have values that are greater than the median and half of the numbers have values that are less than the median.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MODE.SNGL(A3,B3,C3,D3)

MODE.SNGL(A1:A9)

MODE.SNGL(R1C2,12,10,R2C3)

MODE.SNGL(A2:A9,B2:B9,B12:35)

MODE.SNGL(89,95,88,97,88,74) gives the result 88

MODE.SNGL(1,2,2,3,4,5,5) gives the result 2

4.2.233 MONTH

This function returns the month corresponding to the specified date value.

Syntax

MONTH(date)

Arguments

Specify the date argument as a number (as in 37806.5) a string (as in "7/4/2003 12:00"), or a DateTime object, as in DATE(2003,7,4). For more details on the date inputs, refer to Date and Time Functions.

Remarks

The month is returned as an integer, ranging from 1 (January) to 12 (December). Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, or DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MONTH(L4)

MONTH(R4C12)

MONTH(366) gives the result 12

MONTH("12/17/2004") gives the result 12

See Also

DAY

EOMONTH

YEAR

4.2.234 MROUND

This function returns a number rounded to the desired multiple.

Syntax

MROUND(number,multiple)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Numeric value to round multiple Numeric value representing the rounded result

Remarks

This function rounds to the nearest multiple (either up or down). For even numbers where there may be two choices (one rounding up and one rounding down), the result is the number farther from zero.

For example, MROUND(18,4) returns 20 even though 16 is as near since 20 is farther from zero. For MROUND(-18,-4) returns -20 since that value is farther from zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MROUND(B14,3)

MROUND(R14C2,5)

MROUND(100,8) gives the result 104

MROUND (11,8) gives the result 8

MROUND (12,8) gives the result 16

MROUND (13,8) gives the result 16

MROUND (-12,-8) gives the result -16

MROUND (50,8) gives the result 48

MROUND (-50,-8) gives the result -48

See Also

ROUND

4.2.235 MULTINOMIAL

This function calculates the ratio of the factorial of a sum of values to the product of factorials.

Syntax

MULTINOMIAL(value1,value2,...)

MULTINOMIAL(array)

MULTINOMIAL(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

The arguments are the values to calculate in the multinomial. Each argument can be a doubleprecision floating point value, an integer value, or an array of these. Up to 255 arguments may be included. You can use a single array (cell range) instead of a list of values. You can use multiple arrays (cell ranges) as well.

Remarks

If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores those values; however, the function includes in calculations cells with the value zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

MULTINOMIAL(D5,D6,D7,D8)

MULTINOMIAL(R5C4,R6C4,R7C4,R8C4)

MULTINOMIAL(1,2,3) gives the result 60

See Also

MODE

4.2.236 N

This function returns a value converted to a number.

Syntax

N(value)

Arguments

Use any value as the argument.

Remarks

It is not always necessary to use this function, because Spread automatically converts values as necessary in many cases.

Data Types

Accepts many types of data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

N(G12)

N(R12C7)

N(2.53) gives the result 2.53

N(TRUE) gives the result 1

See Also

ISNUMBER

4.2.237 NA

This function returns the error value #N/A that means "not available."

Syntax

NA( )

Arguments

This function does not require an argument.

Remarks

It is necessary to include empty parentheses with this function.

Data Types

Returns an error value.

Examples

NA()

NA(R12C7)

ISNA(NA()) gives the result TRUE

See Also

ISNA

ISNUMBER

4.2.238 NEGBINOMDIST

This function returns the negative binomial distribution.

Syntax

NEGBINOMDIST(x,r,p)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x An integer representing the number of failures in trials r An integer representing the threshold number of successes p Probability of success on each trial A number between 0 and 1.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NEGBINOMDIST(B1,C15,0.335)

NEGBINOMDIST(R1C2,R15C3,0.75)

NEGBINOMDIST(4,13,0.85) gives the result 0.111399299

See Also

BINOMDIST

HYPGEOMDIST

4.2.239 NEGBINOM.DIST

This function returns the negative binomial distribution.

Syntax

NEGBINOM.DIST(x,r,p,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x An integer representing the number of failures in trials r An integer representing the threshold number of successes p Probability of success on each trial A number between 0 and 1

A logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, this

cumulative function returns the cumulative distribution function; if FALSE, it returns the probability density function

Remarks

The number of successes is fixed and the number of trials is variable. If p is less than 0 or greater than 1, the function returns the #NUM! error value. If x is less than 0 an error is returned. If r is less than 1 an error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NEGBINOM.DIST(B1,C15,0.335,TRUE)

NEGBINOM.DIST(R1C2,R15C3,0.75,TRUE)

NEGBINOM.DIST(4,13,0.85,TRUE) gives the result 0.9012900017858557

4.2.240 NETWORKDAYS

This function returns the total number of complete working days between the start and end dates.

Syntax

NETWORKDAYS(startdate,enddate,holidays)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Date that is the starting date; a number (as in 37806.5), or a DateTime object, as in

startdate

DATE(2003,7,4)

Date that is the ending date; a number (as in 37806.5), or a DateTime object, as in

enddate

DATE(2003,7,4)

[Optional] Range of dates to exclude from the calculation; if omitted, the calculation

holidays assumes no holidays and all weekdays are workdays

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, or DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NETWORKDAYS(L4,L5)

NETWORKDAYS(R4C12,R1C1,R2C2)

See Also

NOW

WORKDAY

4.2.241 NETWORKDAYS.INTL

This function returns the total number of complete working days between the start and end dates.

Syntax

NETWORKDAYS.INTL(startdate,enddate,weekend,holidays)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

startdate	Date that is the starting date; a number (as in 37806.5), or a DateTime object, as in DATE(2003,7,4)
enddate	Date that is the ending date; a number (as in 37806.5), or a DateTime object, as in DATE(2003,7,4)
weekend	[Optional] A number or string that specifies when weekends occur. Weekend days are days of the week that are not included in the number of whole working days between startdate and enddate
holidays	[Optional] Range of dates to exclude from the calculation. Holidays can be a range of cells that contain the dates, or an array constant of the serial values that represent those dates

The following table lists the weekend number values:

Number Day

1 or omitted Saturday, Sunday

2 Sunday, Monday

3 Monday, Tuesday

4 Tuesday, Wednesday

5 Wednesday, Thursday

6 Thursday, Friday

7 Friday, Saturday

11 Sunday only

12 Monday only

13 Tuesday only

14 Wednesday only

15 Thursday only

16 Friday only

17 Saturday only

Remarks

Weekend string values are seven characters long and each character in the string represents a day of the week, starting with Monday. A non-workday is 1 and a workday is 0. Only characters 1 and 0 are allowed in the string. The string 1111111 always returns 0.

Weekend days and holidays are not considered to be workdays.

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, or DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NETWORKDAYS.INTL(L4,L5)

NETWORKDAYS.INTL(R4C12,R1C1,R2C2)

NETWORKDAYS.INTL(DATE(2014,9,1),DATE(2014,9,30),\"0000111\",{\"2014/9/2\",

\"2014/9/3\"}) gives the result 16

4.2.242 NOMINAL

This function returns the nominal annual interest rate for a given effective rate and number of compounding periods per year.

Syntax

NOMINAL(effrate,comper)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

effrate Value representing the effective interest rate comper Number of compounding periods per year; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error if effrate or comper is nonnumeric. If effrate is less than or equal to 0 or if comper is less than 1, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NOMINAL(A4,A5)

NOMINAL(R4C1,3)

NOMINAL(6.2336%,2) gives the result 0.061393703 NOMINAL(6.2336%,6) gives the result 0.060776004

See Also

EFFECT

INTRATE

4.2.243 NORMDIST

This function returns the normal cumulative distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation.

Syntax

NORMDIST(x,mean,stdev,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Value for which to find the distribution mean Arithmetic mean of the distribution stdev Standard deviation of the distribution Must be greater than zero.

Set to TRUE to return the cumulative distribution function. Set to FALSE to return the

cumulative

probability mass function.

Remarks

If mean = 0 and stdev = 1, this function returns the standard normal distribution, NORMSDIST.

Data Types

The x, mean, and stdev arguments accept numeric data. The cumulative argument accepts logical data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NORMDIST(10,A3,B17,FALSE)

NORMDIST(10,R3C1,R17C2,FALSE)

NORMDIST(37,41.125,9.86,TRUE) gives the result 0.3378810361

See Also

NORMINV

NORMSDIST

4.2.244 NORM.DIST

This function returns the normal distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation.

Syntax

NORM.DIST(x,mean,stdev,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Value for which to find the distribution mean Arithmetic mean of the distribution stdev Standard deviation of the distribution Must be greater than zero.

Set to TRUE to return the cumulative distribution function. Set to FALSE to return the

cumulative

probability mass function.

Remarks

If mean = 0, stdev = 1, and cumulative = TRUE, this function returns the standard normal distribution, NORMSDIST.

Data Types

The x, mean, and stdev arguments accept numeric data. The cumulative argument accepts logical data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NORM.DIST(10,A3,B17,FALSE)

NORM.DIST(10,R3C1,R17C2,FALSE)

NORM.DIST(37,41.125,9.86,TRUE) gives the result 0.3378430609671818

4.2.245 NORMINV

This function returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution for the given mean and standard deviation.

Syntax

NORMINV(prob,mean,stdev)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

prob Probability of the normal distribution mean Arithmetic mean of the distribution stdestdev Standard deviation of the distribution Must be greater than zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NORMINV(B3,C12,D14)

NORMINV(R3C2,R12C3,R14C4)

NORMINV(0.978,32,0.252) gives the result 32.50755174

See Also

NORMDIST

NORMSINV

4.2.246 NORM.INV

This function returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution for the given mean and standard deviation.

Syntax

NORM.INV(prob,mean,stdev)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

prob Probability of the normal distribution mean Arithmetic mean of the distribution stdestdev Standard deviation of the distribution; must be greater than zero

Remarks

The #VALUE! error value is returned if any argument is nonnumeric.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NORM.INV(B3,C12,D14)

NORM.INV(R3C2,R12C3,R14C4)

NORM.INV(0.978,32,0.252) gives the result 32.50755088397007

4.2.247 NORMSDIST

This function returns the standard normal cumulative distribution function.

Syntax

NORMSDIST(value)

Arguments

The argument can be any numeric value.

Remarks

The distribution has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one.

Use this function in place of a table of standard normal curve areas.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NORMSDIST(F1)

NORMSDIST(R1C6)

NORMSDIST(1.288) gives the result 0.901127

See Also

NORMDIST

NORMSINV

4.2.248 NORM.S.DIST

This function returns the standard normal cumulative distribution function.

Syntax

NORM.S.DIST(value,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value A numeric value for which you want the distribution

A logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, the

cumulative function returns the cumulative distribution function; if FALSE, it returns the probability mass function

Remarks

The distribution has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one.

Use this function in place of a table of standard normal curve areas.

If value is nonnumeric, the #VALUE! error value is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for value. Accepts TRUE or FALSE for cumulative. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NORM.S.DIST(F1,TRUE)

NORM.S.DIST(R1C6,TRUE)

NORM.S.DIST(1.288,TRUE) gives the result 0.901127

4.2.249 NORMSINV

This function returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution. The distribution has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one.

Syntax

NORMSINV(prob)

Arguments

The argument is the probability for the normal distribution.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NORMSINV(A3)

NORMSINV(R1C2)

NORMSINV(0.9244) gives the result 1.43530571453713

See Also

NORMINV

NORMSDIST

4.2.250 NORM.S.INV

This function returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution. The distribution has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one.

Syntax

NORM.S.INV(prob)

Arguments

The argument is the probability for the normal distribution.

Remarks

The #VALUE! error value is returned if any argument is nonnumeric.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NORM.S.INV(A3)

NORM.S.INV(R1C2)

NORM.S.INV(0.9244) gives the result 1.435305714537128

4.2.251 NOT

This function reverses the logical value of its argument.

Syntax

NOT(value)

Arguments

Provide a numeric or logical value for the argument.

Remarks

If the specified value is zero, then the function returns TRUE. If the specified value is a value other than zero, then the function returns FALSE.

Data Types

Accepts boolean data (TRUE or FALSE). Returns boolean data (TRUE or FALSE).

Examples

NOT(A3)

NOT(R1C2)

NOT(D5>100)

NOT(0) gives the result TRUE

NOT(TRUE)gives the result FALSE

NOT(12) gives the result FALSE

See Also

AND

4.2.252 NOW

This function returns the current date and time.

Syntax

NOW()

Arguments

This function does not accept arguments.

Remarks

This function is updated only when the spreadsheet or cell containing the function is recalculated. This is a volatile function.

Data Types

Does not accept data. Returns a DateTime object.

Examples

If it is 05:10:00 P.M., November 11, 2004, then:

NOW() gives the result November 11, 2004, 5:10pm

See Also

DATEVALUE

TIME

4.2.253 NPER

This function returns the number of periods for an investment based on a present value, future value, periodic payments, and a specified interest rate.

Syntax

NPER(rate,paymt,pval,fval,type)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

rate Interest rate expressed as percentage (per period) paymt Payment made each period; cannot change over life of the annuity

pval Present value

fval [Optional] Future value; if omitted, the calculation uses zero (0)

[Optional] Indicates when payments are due; at the end (0) or beginning (1) of the

type period; if omitted, the calculation uses the end (0)

For the arguments, money paid out (such as deposits in an investment) is represented by negative numbers; money you receive (such as dividend checks) is represented by positive numbers.

Remarks

Be sure to express the interest rate as per period. For example, if you make monthly payments on a loan at 8 percent interest, use 0.08/12 for the rate argument.

See the PV function for the equations for calculating financial values.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NPER(A1/12,50,1000,0,1)

NPER(R1C1/12,50,1000,0,1)

NPER(0.005,-790,90000,0,1) gives the result 167.7227522114

See Also

PMT

4.2.254 NPV

This function calculates the net present value of an investment by using a discount rate and a series of future payments and income.

Syntax

NPV(discount,value1,value2,...)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

discount Rate of discount for one period

Values for money paid out (as for a payment) are negative numbers; values for

value1,... money you receive (as for income) are positive numbers

The function includes in calculations arguments that are numbers, empty cells, logical values, or text representations of numbers; the function ignores arguments that are error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers. If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are counted. Empty cells, logical values, text, or error values in the array or reference are ignored. This function can have up to 255 arguments.

Remarks

The payments and income must be equally spaced in time and occur at the end of each period. The function uses the order of the values to interpret the order of cash flows. Be sure to enter your payment and income values in the correct sequence.

The investment begins one period before the date of the value1 cash flow and ends with the last cash flow in the list. The calculation is based on future cash flows. If your first cash flow occurs at the beginning of the first period, the first value must be added to the result, not included in the value arguments.

This function is similar to the PV function (present value). Use PV to work with cash flows that begin at the beginning or the end of the period; this function allows cash flows only at the end of the period. Unlike the variable cash flow values of this function, PV cash flows must be constant throughout the investment.

This is also related to the IRR function (internal rate of return). IRR is equivalent to this function when the rate argument for net present value equals zero: NPV(IRR(...),...) = 0.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

NPV(0.065,D12:D19)

NPV(R1C1,R12C4:R19C4)

NPV(6.5%, -10000, 3000, 3400, 7700) gives the result $2,055.38

See Also

IRR

4.2.255 OCT2BIN

This function converts an octal number to a binary number.

Syntax

OCT2BIN(number,places)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Octal numeric value to convert, must be 10 characters or less, and must be between number

7777777000 and 777

places [Optional] Number of characters to return; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

An error value is returned if the number is invalid or if places is non-numeric or negative. If places is omitted, the calculation uses the minimum number of characters necessary. This argument is useful for adding leading zeros to the result.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

OCT2BIN(77770000)

See Also

DEC2BIN

HEX2BIN

OCT2DEC

OCT2HEX

4.2.256 OCT2DEC

This function converts an octal number to a decimal number.

Syntax

OCT2DEC(number)

Arguments

Specify the octal number to convert. The number should not contain more than 10 octal characters. An error value is returned if the number is invalid.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

OCT2DEC(7777)

See Also

DEC2OCT

HEX2DEC

OCT2BIN

OCT2HEX

4.2.257 OCT2HEX

This function converts an octal number to a hexadecimal number.

Syntax

OCT2HEX(number,places)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Octal numeric value to convert, must be 10 characters or less places [Optional] Number of characters to return; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

OCT2HEX(7777)

See Also

DEC2OCT

HEX2OCT

OCT2BIN

OCT2DEC

4.2.258 ODD

This function rounds the specified value up to the nearest odd integer.

Syntax

ODD(value)

Arguments

The argument can be any numeric value.

Remarks

Regardless of the sign of the number specified by the argument, the number is rounded away from zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ODD(A3)

ODD(R1C2)

ODD(4) gives the result 5

ODD(-2.5) gives the result -3

See Also

CEILING

EVEN

FLOOR

ISODD

4.2.259 ODDFPRICE

This function calculates the price per $100 face value of a security with an odd first period.

Syntax

ODDFPRICE(settle,maturity,issue,first,rate,yield,redeem,freq,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle	Settlement date for the security
maturity	Maturity date for the security
issue	Issue date for the security
first	First coupon date
rate	Annual interest rate
yield	Annual yield for the security
redeem	Redemption value per $100 face value for the security
freq	Frequency of payment, number of payments per year
basis	[Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns an error when settle, maturity, issue, or first is invalid. Settle, maturity, issue, first, and basis are truncated to integers. If rate or yield is less than 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. Maturity should be greater than first which should be greater than settle which should be greater than issue. Otherwise a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data or dates. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ODDFPRICE(A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6,A7,A8,A9)

See Also

ODDFYIELD

ODDLPRICE

ODDLYIELD

PRICE

4.2.260 ODDFYIELD

This function calculates the yield of a security with an odd first period.

Syntax

ODDFYIELD(settle,maturity,issue,first,rate,price,redeem,freq,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle	Settlement date for the security
maturity	Maturity date for the security
issue	Issue date for the security
first	First coupon date
rate	Interest rate of the security
price	Price of the security
redeem	Redemption value per $100 face value for the security
freq	Frequency of payment, number of payments per year

basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle, maturity, issue, or first is invalid. Settle, maturity, issue, first, and basis are truncated to integers. If rate is less than 0 or yield is less than or equal to 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. Maturity should be greater than first which should be greater than settle which should be greater than issue. Otherwise a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ODDFYIELD(B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7,B8,B9)

See Also

ODDFPRICE

ODDLPRICE

ODDLYIELD

PRICE

4.2.261 ODDLPRICE

This function calculates the price per $100 face value of a security with an odd last coupon period.

Syntax

ODDLPRICE(settle,maturity,last,rate,yield,redeem,freq,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle Settlement date for the security

maturity	Maturity date for the security
last	Last coupon date
rate	Annual interest rate
yield	Annual yield for the security
redeem	Redemption value per $100 face value for the security
freq	Frequency of payment, number of payments per year
basis	[Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle, maturity, or last is invalid. Settle, maturity, issue, last, and basis are truncated to integers. If rate is less than 0 or yield is less than 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. Maturity should be greater than settle which should be greater than last. Otherwise a #NUM! error is returned. Data Types

Accepts numeric data and dates. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ODDLPRICE(C1,C2,A3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8)

See Also

ODDFPRICE

ODDFYIELD

ODDLYIELD

PRICE

4.2.262 ODDLYIELD

This function calculates the yield of a security with an odd last period.

Syntax

ODDLYIELD(settle,maturity,last,rate,price,redeem,freq,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle	Settlement date for the security
maturity	Maturity date for the security
last	Last coupon date
rate	Annual interest rate
price	Price of the security
redeem	Redemption value per $100 face value for the security
freq	Frequency of payment, number of payments per year
basis	[Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle, maturity, or last is invalid. Settle, maturity, last, and basis are truncated to integers. If rate is less than 0 or price is less than or equal to 0, a #NUM!

error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. Maturity should be greater than settle which should be greater than last. Otherwise a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data or dates. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ODDLYIELD(G1,G2,G3,G4,G5,G6,G7,G8)

See Also

ODDFPRICE

ODDFYIELD

ODDLPRICE

PRICE

4.2.263 OFFSET

This function returns a reference to a range. The range is a specified number of rows and columns from a cell or range of cells. The function returns a single cell or a range of cells.

Syntax

OFFSET(reference,rows,cols,height,width)

Remarks

This function has these arguments:.

Argument Description

reference The location from which to base the offset rows Number of rows to which the upper left cell refers cols Number of columns to which the upper left cell refers height [Optional] Number of returned rows; if omitted, same as reference width [Optional] Number of returned columns; if omitted, same as reference

The cols can be positive (right of the reference) or negative (left). If height or width is omitted, it is the same as the reference.

Remarks

This is a volatile function.

Data Types

Accepts a cell range for reference. Accepts numbers for rows, cols, height, and width. Returns a cell range.

Examples

OFFSET(D3,2,3,1,1)

OFFSET(D3:E5,2,3,1,1)

See Also

HLOOKUP

LOOKUP

4.2.264 OR

This function calculates logical OR. It returns TRUE if any of its arguments are true; otherwise, returns FALSE if all arguments are false.

Syntax

OR(bool1,bool2,...)

OR(array)

OR(array1,array2,...)

OR(expression)

OR(expression1,expression2,...)

Arguments

Provide numeric (1 or 0) or logical values (TRUE or FALSE) for up to 255 arguments. You can also specify a single array instead of listing the values separately, or up to 255 arrays. Similarly, you can specify an expression or up to 255 expressions.

Data Types

Accepts logical data (Boolean values of TRUE or FALSE) or numerical values (0 or 1). Returns logical data (Boolean values of TRUE or FALSE).

Examples

OR(B3,B6,B9)

OR(R1C2,R1C3,R1C4,R1C5)

OR(D2:D12)

OR(R12C1:R12C9)

OR(TRUE,FALSE,FALSE) gives the result TRUE

OR(TRUE()) gives the result TRUE

OR(FALSE(),FALSE()) gives the result FALSE

OR(1+1=1,2+2=5) gives the result FALSE

OR(5+3=8,5+4=12) gives the result TRUE

See Also

AND

NOT

4.2.265 PEARSON

This function returns the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, a dimensionless index between -1.0 to 1.0 inclusive indicative of the linear relationship of two data sets.

Syntax

PEARSON(array_ind,array_dep)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array_ind Array of independent values (x’s) array_dep Array of dependent values (y’s)

The arrays must be the same size.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PEARSON(B4:G7,B8:G11)

PEARSON(R4C2:R7C7,R8C2:R11C7)

PEARSON({2,8,4,16,10,12},{8,2,15,14,18,11}) gives the result 0.262018

See Also

RSQ

STEYX

4.2.266 PERCENTILE

This function returns the nth percentile of values in a range.

Syntax

PERCENTILE(array,n)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array of values representing the data n Value representing the percentile value between 0 and 1

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PERCENTILE(A1:A12,0.95)

PERCENTILE(R1C1:R1C45,0.866)

PERCENTILE({5,15,25,50,65},0.45) gives the result 23

See Also

PERCENTRANK

QUARTILE

4.2.267 PERCENTILE.EXC

This function returns the kth percentile of values in a range where k is between 0..1, exclusive.

Syntax

PERCENTILE.EXC(array,k)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array of values representing the data k Value representing the percentile value between 0 and 1

Remarks

This function returns the #NUM! error value if the array is empty. If k is nonnumeric, #VALUE! is returned. If k = 0 or 1, #NUM! is returned. The function interpolates to determine the value at the k th percentile if k is not a multiple of 1/(n-1). The function interpolates when the value for the specified percentile is between two values in the array. If the function cannot interpolate for the percentile, #NUM! is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PERCENTILE.EXC(A1:A12,0.95)

PERCENTILE.EXC(R1C1:R1C45,0.866)

PERCENTILE.EXC({5,15,25,50,65},0.45) gives the result 22

4.2.268 PERCENTILE.INC

This function returns the kth percentile of values in a range where k is between 0..1, inclusive.

Syntax

PERCENTILE.INC(array,k)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array of values representing the data k Value representing the percentile value between 0 and 1

Remarks

This function returns the #NUM! error value if the array is empty. If k is nonnumeric, #VALUE! is returned. If k< 0 or > 1, #NUM! is returned. The function interpolates to determine the value at the kth percentile if k is not a multiple of 1/(n-1).

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PERCENTILE.INC(A1:A12,0.95)

PERCENTILE.INC(R1C1:R1C45,0.866)

PERCENTILE.INC({5,15,25,50,65},0.45) gives the result 5

4.2.269 PERCENTRANK

This function returns the rank of a value in a data set as a percentage of the data set.

Syntax

PERCENTRANK(array,n,sigdig)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array of data with numeric values that defines the relative ranking n Value for which you want to find the rank in percentage

[Optional] Number of significant digits for the ranked percentage value; if

sigdig omitted, the calculation used three significant digits; if not an integer, number is truncated

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PERCENTRANK(A1:A12,0.95)

PERCENTRANK(R1C1:R1C45,0.866)

PERCENTRANK(A1:A17,23,3)

PERCENTRANK(R1C1:R43:C1,255.4,2)

PERCENTRANK({10,12,13,14,14,14.5,16,17.5,17.75,20,22},18,4) gives the result 0.8111

PERCENTRANK({10,12,13,14,14,14.5,16,17.5,17.75,20,22},18,1) gives the result 0.8

See Also

PERCENTILE

4.2.270 PERCENTRANK.EXC

This function returns the rank of a value in a data set as a percentage (0..1, exclusive) of the data set.

Syntax

PERCENTRANK.EXC(array,n,sigdig)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array of data with numeric values that defines the relative ranking n Value for which you want to find the rank in percentage

[Optional] Number of significant digits for the ranked percentage value; if omitted,

sigdig the calculation used three significant digits

Remarks

If array is empty, this function returns the #NUM! error value. If sigdig< 1, this function returns the #NUM! error value.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PERCENTRANK.EXC(A1:A12,0.95)

PERCENTRANK.EXC(R1C1:R1C45,0.866)

PERCENTRANK.EXC(A1:A17,23,3)

PERCENTRANK.EXC(R1C1:R43:C1,255.4,2)

PERCENTRANK.EXC({10,12,13,14,14,14.5,16,17.5,17.75,20,22},18,1) gives the result 0.8

4.2.271 PERCENTRANK.INC

This function returns the rank of a value in a data set as a percentage of the data set.

Syntax

PERCENTRANK.INC(array,n,sigdig)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array of data with numeric values that defines the relative ranking n Value for which you want to find the rank in percentage

[Optional] Number of significant digits for the ranked percentage value; if omitted,

sigdig the calculation uses three significant digits; if not an integer, number is truncated

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PERCENTRANK.INC(A1:A12,0.95)

PERCENTRANK.INC(R1C1:R1C45,0.866)

PERCENTRANK.INC(A1:A17,23,3)

PERCENTRANK.INC(R1C1:R43:C1,255.4,2)

PERCENTRANK.INC({10,12,13,14,14,14.5,16,17.5,17.75,20,22},18,4) gives the result 0.8111

PERCENTRANK.INC({10,12,13,14,14,14.5,16,17.5,17.75,20,22},18,1) gives the result 0.8

4.2.272 PERMUT

This function returns the number of possible permutations for a specified number of items.

Syntax

PERMUT(k,n)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

k Number of items; must be greater than 0; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Number of items in each possible permutation; must be positive or 0; if not an

integer, the number is truncated

Remarks

A permutation is any set or subset of items where internal order is significant. Contrast with combinations (the COMBIN function).

The equation for this function is:

where k and n are defined in the arguments.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PERMUT(B3,5)

PERMUT(C4,B2)

PERMUT(R1C2,2)

PERMUT(8,2) gives the result 56

PERMUT(100,3) gives the result 970200

See Also

COMBIN

4.2.273 PI

This function returns PI as 3.1415926536.

Syntax

PI()

Arguments

This function does not accept arguments.

Data Types

Does not accept data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PI( )

DEGREES(PI()) gives the result 180

See Also

DEGREES

RADIANS

4.2.274 PMT

This function returns the payment amount for a loan given the present value, specified interest rate, and number of terms.

Syntax

PMT(rate,nper,pval,fval,type)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

rate Value of interest rate per period nper Total number of payment periods pval Present value, worth now [Optional] Future value, cash value after the last payment; if omitted, the

fval calculation uses zero

[Optional] Indicates when payments are due; at the end (0) or beginning (1) of the

type period; if omitted, the calculation uses the end (0)

Remarks

Be sure that the interest rate and the number of payment periods correspond to the same units. If payment periods are monthly, then the interest rate should be calculated per month. If the interest rate is 6 percent annually, you can use 6% or (6/100) or 0.06 for the rate argument if the payment period is a year, but for monthly pay periods, divide the 6% by 12. The payment returned includes principal and interest but, no taxes, reserve payments, or fees.

The result is represented by a negative number because it is money paid out by you.

See the PV function for the equation for calculating financial values.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PMT(B1,C4,C5,C6,1)

PMT(R1C2,8,16,4)

PMT(6%/12, 15, 5000) gives the result -$346.82

PMT(0.005, 15, 5000, 0, 1) gives the result -$345.10

See Also

IPMT

PPMT

4.2.275 POISSON

This function returns the Poisson distribution.

Syntax

POISSON(nevents,mean,cumulative)

Remarks

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Number of events Provide an integer, or the value is truncated. The number must be

nevents greater than zero.

mean Expected numeric value The number must be greater than zero.

Set to TRUE to return the cumulative Poisson probability that the number of random events occurring is between zero and nevents inclusive. Set to FALSE to return the

cumulative

Poisson probability mass function that the number of events occurring is exactly nevents.

Remarks

The cumulative Poisson probability is calculated as follows:

The Poisson probability mass function is calculated as follows:

where x is the number of events (nevents argument), mu is the mean (mean argument). Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

POISSON(A3,B4,TRUE)

POISSON(R1C2,3,FALSE)

POISSON(7,4,TRUE) gives the result 0.948866384

POISSON(7,4,FALSE) gives the result 0.059540363

See Also

BINOMDIST

GAMMADIST

HYPGEOMDIST

4.2.276 POISSON.DIST

This function returns the Poisson distribution.

Syntax

POISSON.DIST(nevents,mean,cumulative)

Remarks

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Number of events; provide an integer, or the value is truncated; the number must be

nevents greater than zero

mean Expected numeric value; the number must be greater than zero

Set to TRUE to return the cumulative Poisson probability that the number of random events occurring is between zero and nevents inclusive. Set to FALSE to return the

cumulative

Poisson probability mass function that the number of events occurring is exactly nevents.

Remarks

The cumulative Poisson probability is calculated as follows:

The Poisson probability mass function is calculated as follows:

where x is the number of events (nevents argument), mu is the mean (mean argument). Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

POISSON.DIST(A3,B4,TRUE)

POISSON.DIST(R1C2,3,FALSE)

POISSON.DIST(7,4,TRUE) gives the result 0.9488663842071525

POISSON.DIST(7,4,FALSE) gives the result 0.059540362609726345

4.2.277 POWER

This function raises the specified number to the specified power.

Syntax

POWER(number,power)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Number to raise to the power given in power power Power to which to raise the number given in number

Specify the number to raise using the first argument and specify the power to raise it to using the second argument.

Remarks

You can use the exponent operator (^) instead of this function to raise a number to a power; for example, 16^3.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

POWER(A3,B4)

POWER(R1C2,3)

POWER(16,3) gives the result 4096

See Also

EXP

SQRT

4.2.278 PPMT

This function returns the amount of payment of principal for a loan given the present value, specified interest rate, and number of terms.

Syntax

PPMT(rate,per,nper,pval,fval,type)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

rate Value of interest rate per period.

per Number of the period for which to find the interest, between 1 and nper nper Total number of payment periods in an annuity.

pval Present value, worth now

[Optional] Future value, cash value after the last payment; if omitted, the calculation

fval

uses zero

[Optional] Indicates when payments are due; at the end (0) or beginning (1) of the

type period; if omitted, the calculation uses the end (0)

Remarks

Be sure to express the interest rate as per annum. For example, if the interest rate is 8 percent, use 8 for the rate argument.

The result is represented by a negative number because it is money paid out by you.

See the PV function for the equation for calculating financial values.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PPMT(B1,C4,C5,C6,C7,1)

PPMT(R1C2,R4C3,R6C3,R7C3,0)

PPMT(0.45, 22, 30, 6000, 7000) gives the result -$206.47

See Also

IPMT

PMT

4.2.279 PRICE

This function calculates the price per $100 face value of a periodic interest security.

Syntax

PRICE(settlement,maturity,rate,yield,redeem,frequency,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle Settlement date for the security

maturity	Maturity date for the security
rate	Annual coupon rate
yield	Annual yield for the security
redeem	Redemption value per $100 face value for the security
frequency	Frequency of payment, number of payments per year; must be 1, 2, or 4
basis	[Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle or maturity is invalid. A #NUM! error is returned if frequency is a number other than 1, 2, or 4. Settle, maturity, frequency, and basis are truncated to integers. If yield or rate is less than 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If redeem is less than or equal to 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. If settle is greater than or equal to maturity, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data and dates. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PRICE(A3,A4,A5,A6,A7,A8,A9)

See Also

ODDFPRICE

ODDLPRICE

PRICEDISC

PRICEMAT

4.2.280 PRICEDISC

This function returns the price per $100 face value of a discounted security.

Syntax

PRICEDISC(settle,mature,discount,redeem,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle	Settlement date for the security.
mature	Maturity date for the security.
discount	Amount invested in the security.
redeem	Amount to be received at maturity.
basis	[Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle or mature is invalid. Settle, mature, and basis are truncated to integers. If discount or redeem is less than or equal to 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. If settle is greater than or equal to mature, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PRICEDISC(A1,A2,A5,A7,1)

PRICEDISC(R1C1,R2C1,R5C5,R5C7,2)

PRICEDISC("5/15/2004","9/1/2004",0.06,100,3) gives the result 98.20822

See Also

DISC

PRICEMAT

4.2.281 PRICEMAT

This function returns the price at maturity per $100 face value of a security that pays interest.

Syntax

PRICEMAT(settle,mature,issue,rate,yield,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle Settlement date for the security mature Maturity date for the security issue Issue date for the security rate Interest rate for the security at the issue date yield Annual yield for the security basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle, mature, or issue is invalid. Settle, mature, issue, and basis are truncated to integers. If rate or yield is less than 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. If settle is greater than or equal to mature, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PRICEMAT(A1,A2,A5,A7,A7,1)

PRICEMAT(R1C1,R2C1,R5C5,R5C7,R5C9,2)

PRICEMAT("5/15/2004","9/1/2004","5/15/2003",0.06,0.07,3) gives the result

99.5842915904314

See Also

DISC

PRICEDISC

4.2.282 PROB

This function returns the probability that values in a range are between two limits.

Syntax

PROB(array,probs,lower,upper)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array of numeric values, which has corresponding probs probs Probabilities associated with the numeric values in array lower Lower limit on the numeric value for which you want a probability

[Optional] Upper limit on the numeric value for which you want a probability; if

upper

omitted, returns the probability of result equal to lower limit

Remarks

If the upper argument is not provided, the function uses the value for the lower argument only, and returns the probability that the values are equal to the lower argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PROB({B1:B6},{E1:E6},10,100)

PROB({B2,B4,B5,B7},{0.4,0.25,0.1,.025),10,100)

PROB({R1C2:R6C2},{R1C5:R6C5},1,50)

PROB({0,1,2,3},{0.2,0.3,0.1,0.4},2) gives the result 0.1

See Also

BINOMDIST

CRITBINOM

4.2.283 PRODUCT

This function multiplies all the arguments and returns the product.

Syntax

PRODUCT(value1,value2,...)

PRODUCT(array)

PRODUCT(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, the function ignores those values; however, the function includes in calculations cells with the value zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PRODUCT(B3,B7,12)

PRODUCT(C4,B2,B4,C5)

PRODUCT(A1:A9)

PRODUCT(R1C2,2,10)

PRODUCT(A1:A8,B1:B8,C2:C18)

PRODUCT(1,2,3,5,7,11,13) gives the result 30030

See Also

FACT

QUOTIENT

SUMPRODUCT

4.2.284 PROPER

This function capitalizes the first letter in each word of a text string.

Syntax

PROPER(text)

Arguments

The text argument can be a string, a formula that returns a string, or a reference to a cell containing a string.

Remarks

This function capitalizes letters that follow any character other than a letter, for example, a space. This function converts all other letters to lowercase letters.

Data Types

Accepts string data. Returns string data.

Examples

PROPER(D2)

PROPER(""INTRO to SPREAD"") gives the result Intro To Spread

PROPER(""Tom's one-time order"") gives the result Tom’S One-Time Order

See Also

CHAR

UPPER

4.2.285 PV

This function returns the present value of an investment based on the interest rate, number and amount of periodic payments, and future value. The present value is the total amount that a series of future payments is worth now.

Syntax

PV(rate,numper,paymt,fval,type)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

rate Interest rate expressed as percentage (per period) numper Total number of payment periods paymt Payment made each period; cannot change over the life of the annuity fval [Optional] Future value; if omitted, the calculation is based on the payments

[Optional] Indicates when payments are due; at the end (0) or beginning (1) of

type the period; if omitted, the calculation uses the end (0)

For the arguments, money paid out (such as deposits in an investment) is represented by negative numbers; money you receive (such as dividend checks) is represented by positive numbers.

Remarks

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

PV(B1/12,N24,-75,0,1)

PV(R1C1/12,48,R1C2,0,0)

PV(0.005,60,-100,0,1) gives the result $5,198.42

See Also

NPER

PMT

4.2.286 QUARTILE

This function returns which quartile (which quarter or 25 percent) of a data set a value is.

Syntax

QUARTILE(array,quart)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array or cell range of numeric values for which you want the quartile value quart Quartile value for the array (see the table below for returned values)

Remarks

If the number is... Then this function returns the...

0 Minimum value

1 First quartile (25th percentile)

2 Median value (50th percentile)

3 Third quartile (75th percentile)

4 Maximum value

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

QUARTILE(A1:A17,2)

QUARTILE(R1C1:R17C1,3)

QUARTILE({11,21,42,27,18,29,32,52},1) gives the result 20.25

See Also

PERCENTILE

PERCENTRANK

4.2.287 QUARTILE.EXC

This function returns the quartile (which quarter or 25 percent) of a data set based on percentile values from 0..1, exclusive.

Syntax

QUARTILE.EXC(array,quart)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array or cell range of numeric values for which you want the quartile value quart Quartile value for the array (see the table below for returned values)

Remarks

If the number is... Then this function returns the...

0 Minimum value

1 First quartile (25th percentile)

2 Median value (50th percentile)

3 Third quartile (75th percentile)

4 Maximum value

The function returns #NUM! if the array is empty. The function returns #NUM! if quart <= 0 or >= 4.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

QUARTILE.EXC(A1:A17,2)

QUARTILE.EXC(R1C1:R17C1,3)

QUARTILE.EXC({11,21,42,27,18,29,32,52},1) gives the result 18.75

4.2.288 QUARTILE.INC

This function returns the quartile (which quarter or 25 percent) of a data set based on percentile values from 0..1, inclusive.

Syntax

QUARTILE.INC(array,quart)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array or cell range of numeric values for which you want the quartile value quart Quartile value for the array (see the table below for returned values) Remarks

A quarter is 25 percent. So the quartile number is an integer between 0 (the minimum value in the data set) and 4 (the maximum value in the data set) and determines the value to return as listed in the table below. quart is truncated if it is not an integer. If quart is < 0 or > 4 the #NUM! error value is returned.

If the number is... Then this function returns the...

0 Minimum value

1 First quartile (25th percentile)

2 Median value (50th percentile)

3 Third quartile (75th percentile)

4 Maximum value

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

QUARTILE.INC(A1:A17,2)

QUARTILE.INC(R1C1:R17C1,3)

QUARTILE.INC({11,21,42,27,18,29,32,52},1) gives the result 20.25

4.2.289 QUOTIENT

This function returns the integer portion of a division. Use this to ignore the remainder of a division.

Syntax

QUOTIENT(numerator,denominator)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

numerator	Numerator or dividend
denominator	Denominator or divisor

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

QUOTIENT(B8,B10)

QUOTIENT(R8B2,R10B2)

QUOTIENT(14,4) gives the result 3

See Also

MOD

PRODUCT

4.2.290 RADIANS

This function converts the specified number from degrees to radians.

Syntax

RADIANS(value)

Arguments

This function takes any real number angle value as the argument.

Remarks

Converts angle in degrees to angle in radians.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

RADIANS(B3)

RADIANS(R1C2)

RADIANS(45) gives the result 0.7853981634 (which is p/4)

See Also

DEGREES

4.2.291 RAND

This function returns an evenly distributed random number between 0 and 1.

Syntax

RAND()

Arguments

This function does not accept arguments.

Remarks

This function returns a new random number.

To generate a random real number between x and y, with y greater than x, use the following expression:

RAND()*(y-x)+x

To generate a random integer between x and y, with y greater than x, use the following expression: INT((y-x+1)*RAND()+x)

For more information, refer to Volatile Functions.

Data Types

Does not accept data. Returns numeric data.

RAND()

RAND()*100

INT(RAND()*100)

See Also

INT

RANDBETWEEN

4.2.292 RANDBETWEEN

This function returns a random number between the numbers you specify.

Syntax

RANDBETWEEN(lower,upper)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argum

Description

ent

Lower number of two numbers between which a random number is chosen; this number

lower must be less than upper upper Upper number of two numbers between which a random number is chosen

Remarks

This function returns a new random number every time the sheet is calculated.

This functions returns an integer value. The first argument must be less than the second argument.

For more information, refer to Volatile Functions.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

RANDBETWEEN(A1,B2)

RANDBETWEEN(10,20)

RANDBETWEEN(10,40)*100

INT(RANDBETWEEN(1,10)*100)

See Also

RAND

4.2.293 RANK

This function returns the rank of a number in a set of numbers. If you were to sort the set, the rank of the number would be its position in the list.

Syntax

RANK(number,array,order)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argu

Description

ment numbe

Number whose rank you want to return

r array Reference to the set of numbers

[Optional] How the number is ranked, either in descending order (0 or omitted) or ascending

order order (non-zero value)

Remarks

This function gives duplicate numbers the same rank. The presence of duplicate numbers affects the ranks of subsequent numbers. For example, in a list of integers, if the number 12 appears twice and has a rank of 4, then 13 would have a rank of 6 (no number would have a rank of 5).

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for the number argument, a reference for the array argument, and numeric data for the order argument. Returns numeric data.

Examples

RANK(B3,B1:B8,1)

RANK(R3C2,R1C2:R8C2,1)

See Also

MEDIAN

MODE

4.2.294 RANK.AVG

This function returns the rank of a number in a set of numbers.

Syntax

RANK.AVG(number,array,order)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argu

Description

ment numbe

Number whose rank you want to return

r array Reference to the set of numbers

[Optional] How the number is ranked, either in descending order (0 or omitted) or ascending

order order (non-zero value) Remarks

The size of the returned number is relative to other values in the list. The average rank is returned if more than one value has the same rank.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for the number argument, a reference for the array argument, and numeric data for the order argument. Returns numeric data.

Examples

RANK.AVG(B3,B1:B8,1)

RANK.AVG(R3C2,R1C2:R8C2,1)

4.2.295 RANK.EQ

This function returns the rank of a number in a set of numbers.

Syntax

RANK.EQ(number,array,order)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Number whose rank you want to return array Reference to the set of numbers

[Optional] How the number is ranked, either in descending order (0 or omitted) or

order

ascending order (non-zero value)

Remarks

The size of the returned number is relative to other values in the list. The top rank of that set of values is returned if more than one value has the same rank. Duplicate numbers are given the same rank. Duplicate numbers affect the ranks of subsequent numbers. For example, if the number of 11 is duplicated with a rank of 6 in a list of ascending numbers, the number 12 would have a rank of 8.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for the number argument, a reference for the array argument, and numeric data for the order argument. Returns numeric data.

Examples

RANK.EQ(B3,B1:B8,1)

RANK.EQ(R3C2,R1C2:R8C2,1)

4.2.296 RATE

This function returns the interest rate per period of an annuity.

Syntax

RATE(nper,pmt,pval,fval,type,guess)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument	Description
nper	Total number of payment periods in an annuity
pmt	Value representing the payment made each period
pval	Present value, worth now
fval	Future value, cash value after the last payment
type	[Optional] Indicates when payments are due; at the end (0) or beginning (1) of the period; if omitted, the calculation uses the end (0)
guess	Guess for what the rate will be (optional)

Remarks

Guess is assumed to be 10% if omitted.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

RATE(A1,B2,C3,C4,1)

RATE(360, -600, 80000) gives the result 0.686%

See Also

IPMT

PMT

PPMT

4.2.297 RECEIVED

This function returns the amount received at maturity for a fully invested security.

Syntax

RECEIVED(settle,mature,invest,discount,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle Settlement date for the security mature Maturity date for the security invest Amount invested in the security discount Discount rate for the security basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle or mature is invalid. Settle, mature, and basis are truncated to integers. If invest or discount is less than or equal to 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. If settle is greater than or equal to mature, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

RECEIVED(A1,B2,C3,C4,1)

RECEIVED("3/01/2004","6/01/2004",600000,0.03,2) gives $604,635.50

See Also

INTRATE

4.2.298 REFRESH

This function recalculates the formula reference.

Syntax

REFRESH(formula, evaluateMode, interval)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

formula A reference to the formula to evaluate. This argument is required.

evaluateM The GC.Spread.CalcEngine.Functions.AsyncFunctionEvaluateMode type. This ode argument is required.

The interval in milliseconds. The evaluateMode option must be set to interval to use this

interval

option.

Remarks

Use REFRESH when you want to control how formulas recalculate.

Example

sheet.setFormula(2, 2, "=Refresh(now(), 2, 1000)"); sheet.setFormula(3, 2, "=REFRESH(GETTIMEFROMSERVER(),1)");

Using Code

This example uses the REFRESH formula.

JavaScript	Copy Code
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Spread.Sheets</title>
<link href="./css/gc.spread.sheets.10.0.0.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/ css" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="./scripts/gc.spread.sheets.all.10.0.0. min.js"></script>
<!--jQuery References-->
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.0.2.js" type="text/ javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
window.onload = function(){
var spread = new GC.Spread.Sheets.Workbook(document. getElementById("ss"),{sheetCount:3});
var sheet = spread.getActiveSheet();
var GetNumberFromServer = function () {
}
GetNumberFromServer.prototype = new GC.Spread.CalcEngine. Functions.AsyncFunction("GETNUMBERFROMSERVER", 2, 2);
GetNumberFromServer.prototype.evaluate = function (context, arg1, arg2) {
var self = this;
$.get('http://xa-tools-shdev/asyncfunction/api/values/' + (arg1 \|\| 1), function (value) {
context.setAsyncResult(value);
});
}
GC.Spread.CalcEngine.Functions.defineGlobalCustomFunction ("GETNUMBERFROMSERVER", new GetNumberFromServer());
sheet.setValue(0, 0, 'ChangeValue');
sheet.setValue(0, 1, 'Formula');
sheet.setValue(0, 2, 'Result');
sheet.setValue(0, 3, 'Comments');
sheet.setValue(1, 3, 'On A2 changed');
sheet.setValue(2, 3, 'On A2 changed');
sheet.setValue(3, 3, 'Evaluate once');
sheet.setValue(4, 3, 'Every 2 seconds');
sheet.setValue(1, 0, 1);
sheet.setValue(1, 1, '=GetNumberFromServer(A2)');

sheet.setValue(2, 1, '=Refresh(GetNumberFromServer(A2), 0)');

sheet.setValue(3, 1, '=Refresh(GetNumberFromServer(A2), 1)');

sheet.setValue(4, 1, '=Refresh(GetNumberFromServer(A2), 2,

2000)');

sheet.setFormula(1, 2, '=GetNumberFromServer(A2)');

sheet.setFormula(2, 2, '=Refresh(GetNumberFromServer(A2), 0)');

sheet.setFormula(3, 2, '=Refresh(GetNumberFromServer(A2), 1)');

sheet.setFormula(4, 2, '=Refresh(GetNumberFromServer(A2), 2,

2000)');

sheet.setColumnWidth(0, 100);

sheet.setColumnWidth(1, 300);

sheet.setColumnWidth(2, 200);

sheet.setColumnWidth(3, 200);

sheet.setValue(7, 1, "=Refresh(now(), 2, 1000)");

sheet.setValue(7, 3, "Every 1 seconds");

sheet.setFormula(7, 2, "=Refresh(now(), 2, 1000)");

var GetTimeFromServer = function () {

}

GetTimeFromServer.prototype = new GC.Spread.CalcEngine.

Functions.AsyncFunction("GETTIMEFROMSERVER", 2, 2);

GetTimeFromServer.prototype.evaluate = function (context) {

$.get('http://xa-tools-shdev/asyncfunction/api/time/', function (value) {

context.setAsyncResult(value);

});

}

GetTimeFromServer.prototype.evaluateMode = function () {

return 2;

};

GetTimeFromServer.prototype.interval = function () {

return 1000;

};

GC.Spread.CalcEngine.Functions.defineGlobalCustomFunction

("GETTIMEFROMSERVER", new GetTimeFromServer());

sheet.setValue(10, 1, "=GetTimeFromServer()");

sheet.setValue(10, 3, "Every 1 seconds");

sheet.setFormula(10, 2, "=GetTimeFromServer()");

sheet.getCell(10, 2).hAlign(GC.Spread.Sheets.HorizontalAlign.

right);

}

</script>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

4.2.299 REPLACE

This function replaces part of a text string with a different text string.

Syntax

REPLACE(old_text,start_char,num_chars,new_text)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

old_text Original text in which you want to replace characters start_char Starting position in the original text to begin the replacement

Number of characters in the original text that you want to replace with characters from

num_chars

the new text; if not an integer, the number is truncated

new_text New text that replaces characters in the original text

Remarks

Use this function to replace a specified number of characters in a specified location with other characters. Use the SUBSTITUTE function to replace specific text with other text.

Data Types

Accepts string data for the old_text argument, numeric data for the start_char argument, numeric data for the num_chars argument, and string data for the new_text argument. Returns string data.

Examples

This example replaces three characters with one character, starting with the sixth character in the provided text:

REPLACE(""abcdefghijk"", 6, 3, ""%"") gives the result abcde%ijk

See Also

FIND

SUBSTITUTE

4.2.300 REPT

This function repeats text a specified number of times.

Syntax

REPT(text,number)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

text Text you want to repeat

Number of times you want to repeat the text; if not an integer, the number is

number

truncated; if zero (0), returns empty (" ")

Remarks

The result of this function must be less than or equal to 255 characters.

Data Types

Accepts string data for the text argument and numeric data for the number argument. Returns string data.

Examples

REPT(D9, 2)

REPT(R9C4, 2)

REPT(""*4"", 3) gives the result *4*4*4

See Also

CONCATENATE

4.2.301 RIGHT

This function returns the specified rightmost characters from a text value.

Syntax

RIGHT(text,num_chars)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

text Text string from which you want to return characters

[Optional] Number of characters to return; if omitted, calculation uses one (1); if not

num_chars

an integer, the number is truncated

The text argument can be a string, a formula that returns a string, or a reference to a cell containing a string.

The num_chars argument has these rules:

· The num_chars argument must be greater than or equal to zero.

· If the num_chars argument is greater than the length of text, this function returns all text.

Data Types

Accepts string data for the text argument and numeric data for the num_chars argument. Returns string data.

Examples

RIGHT(""Total Sales"",5) gives the result Sales

RIGHT(""Collie dog"") gives the result g

See Also

LEFT

MID

4.2.302 ROMAN

This function converts an arabic numeral to a roman numeral text equivalent.

Syntax

ROMAN(number,style)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

number Arabic number to convert style Type of roman numeral

Remarks

The style of roman numeral is set by the numeric value of the style argument:

*Style* value	Roman numeral style
0 or omitted	Classic
1	More concise
2	More concise
3	More concise
4	Simplified
TRUE	Classic
FALSE	Simplified

An error is returned if the number argument is negative.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns string data.

Examples

ROMAN(100,3)

See Also

CEILING

FLOOR

MROUND

ROUNDDOWN

ROUNDUP

4.2.304 ROUNDDOWN

This function rounds the specified number down to the nearest number, using the specified number of decimal places.

Syntax

ROUNDDOWN(value,places)

Arguments

Use the value argument to specify the number to round. Use the places argument to specify the number of decimal places. The places argument has these rules:

· Set places to a value greater than zero to round to the specified number of decimal places. · Set places to zero to round to the nearest whole number.

· Set places to a value less than zero to round the value left of the decimal to the nearest ten, hundred, etc.

Regardless of the sign of the number specified by the value argument, the number is rounded away from zero.

Remarks

The result is always rounded down.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ROUNDDOWN(3.2,0) gives the result 3

ROUNDDOWN(D14,3)

ROUNDDOWN(R14C4,10)

ROUNDDOWN(3.14159,3) gives the result 3.141

ROUNDDOWN(-3.14159,1) gives the result -3.1

ROUNDDOWN(31415.92654,-2) gives the result 31400

See Also

CEILING

FLOOR

ROUND

ROUNDUP

4.2.305 ROUNDUP

This function rounds the specified number up to the nearest number, using the specified number of decimal places.

Syntax

ROUNDUP(value,places)

Arguments

Use the value argument to specify the number to round. Use the places argument to specify the number of decimal places. The places argument has these rules:

· Set places to a value greater than zero to round to the specified number of decimal places. · Set places to zero to round to the nearest whole number.

· Set places to a value less than zero to round the value left of the decimal to the nearest ten, hundred, etc.

Remarks

Regardless of the sign of the number specified by the value argument, the number is rounded away from zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ROUNDUP(A3,–2)

ROUNDUP(C4,B2)

ROUNDUP(R1C2, 2)

ROUNDUP(PI(),5) gives the result 3.14160

ROUNDUP(29.2,-2) gives the result 100

ROUNDUP(-1.963,0) gives the result -2

See Also

CEILING

FLOOR

ROUND

ROUNDDOWN

4.2.306 ROW

This function returns the number of a row from a reference.

Syntax

ROW(reference)

Arguments

The argument is a cell or a single area.

Remarks

If the reference is omitted, the reference of the cell that the function is in is used.

Data Types

Accepts a cell or a single area. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ROW(B2) gives the result 2

ROW(B1:B5) gives the result 1

See Also

COLUMNS

INDEX

4.2.307 ROWS

This function returns the number of rows in an array.

Syntax

ROWS(array)

Arguments

The argument is an array, an array formula, or a range of cells.

Data Types

Accepts array. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ROWS(B2:B14) gives the result 13

ROWS(R2C6:R4C12) gives the result 3

ROWS($H$2:$H$8) gives the result 7

ROWS(R[2]C[3]:R[8]C[3]) gives the result 7

ROWS(R3C2:R17C2) gives the result 15

See Also

COLUMNS

INDEX

4.2.308 RSQ

This function returns the square of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (R-squared) through data points in known y’s and known x’s.

Syntax

RSQ(array_dep,array_ind)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array_dep Array of dependent values (y’s)

array_ind Array of independent values (x’s)

The arrays must be the same size.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

RSQ(B2:B14,H2:H14)

RSQ(R2C2:R14C2,R2C8:R14C8)

RSQ({2,4,6},{10,15,25}) gives the result 0.964286

See Also

PEARSON

4.2.309 SEARCH

This function finds one text string in another text string and returns the index of the starting position of the found text.

Syntax

SEARCH(string1,string2)

Arguments

The first argument is a string or cell reference of the text you are searching for and the second argument is a string, cell reference, or cell range of what you want to search.

Data Types

Accepts cell reference or string. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SEARCH(A2,A4:A9)

See Also

CONCATENATE

FIND

4.2.310 SECOND

This function returns the seconds (0 to 59) value for a specified time.

Syntax

SECOND(time)

Arguments

Remarks

The second is returned as an integer, ranging from 0 to 59

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, DateTime object, or TimeSpan object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SECOND(A2)

SECOND(R2C1)

SECOND(0.01) gives the result 24

SECOND(TIME(12,0,0))

See Also

HOUR

MINUTE

4.2.311 SERIESSUM

This function returns the sum of a power series.

Syntax

SERIESSUM(x,n,m,coeff)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Value to evaluate in the power series n Power to which to raise x

m Step by which to increase n for each term in the series coeff Set of coefficients for the series (the values of a1, a2, ... ai)

Remarks

The power series formula is:

Series Sum equation

where x, n, and m are the similarly named arguments and a is the coeff argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SERIESSUM(34,3,2,A1:A6)

SERIESSUM(12,3,1,B2:B24)

See Also

SUM

4.2.312 SIGN

This function returns the sign of a number or expression.

Syntax

SIGN(cellreference)

SIGN(value)

SIGN(expression)

Arguments

Specify a cell reference, a numeric or text value, or an expression for the argument.

Remarks

Returns 1 if the number is positive, 0 if the number is 0, and –1 if the number is negative.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SIGN(B3)

SIGN(R1C2)

SIGN(-5) gives the result -1

SIGN(15-8) gives the result 1

See Also

ABS

4.2.313 SIN

This function returns the sine of the specified angle.

Syntax

SIN(angle)

Arguments

This function can take any real number as an argument. The angle argument is the angle in radians for which you want the sine.

Remarks

If the angle is in degrees, multiply it by PI/180 to convert it to radians.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SIN(B4)

SIN(R1C2)

SIN(30*PI()/180) gives the result 0.5

SIN(RADIANS(45))

See Also

ACOS

ASIN

COS

SINH

4.2.314 SINH

This function returns the hyperbolic sine of the specified number.

Syntax

SINH(value)

Arguments

You can use any real number for the value argument.

Remarks

The equation for calculating the hyperbolic sine is:

SINH Equation

where z is the value argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SINH(B4)

SINH(R1C2)

SINH(1) gives the result 1.1752011936

See Also

ACOSH

ASINH

COSH

SIN

4.2.315 SKEW

This function returns the skewness of a distribution.

Syntax

SKEW(number1,number2,...)

Arguments

The arguments are numeric values. Only the first argument is required. Up to 255 arguments may be included.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SKEW(A1,B2,B3,C1,C4)

See Also

KURT

4.2.316 SLN

This function returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period.

Syntax

SLN(cost,salvage,life)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

cost Initial cost of the asset salvage Value at the end of the depreciation life Number of periods over which the asset is being depreciated

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SLN(B1,1000,10)

SLN(R1C2,1000,10)

SLN(500000,20000,5) gives the result $96,000

See Also

DDB

SYD

4.2.317 SLOPE

This function calculates the slope of a linear regression.

Syntax

SLOPE(array_dep,array_ind)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array_dep Array of dependent values (y’s) array_ind Array of independent values (x’s)

The arrays must be the same size.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SLOPE(A1:A4,B1:B4)

See Also

SERIESSUM

4.2.318 SMALL

This function returns the nth smallest value in a data set, where n is specified.

Syntax

SMALL(array,n)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argu

Description

ment arra

Array from which to return the nth largest value

y n The position (from the largest value) for which to return the value (for example, 5 to return the fifth largest value). Must be equal to or less than the number of items in the array.

Remarks

Use this function to select a value based on its relative standing.

Data Types

Accepts array and numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SMALL(B4:B8,2)

SMALL(R4C2:R8C2,2)

SMALL({15, 20, 10, 5}, 2) gives the result 10

See Also

LARGE

4.2.319 SQRT

This function returns the positive square root of the specified number.

Syntax

SQRT(value)

Arguments

The argument may be any positive numeric value. You must provide a positive number for the argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SQRT(B4)

SQRT(R4C2)

SQRT(256) gives the result 16

See Also

SQRT

4.2.321 STANDARDIZE

This function returns a normalized value from a distribution characterized by mean and standard deviation.

Syntax

STANDARDIZE(x,mean,stdev) Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Value to normalize

mean Arithmetic mean of the distribution stdev Standard deviation of the distribution Must be greater than zero.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

STANDARDIZE(15.6,A4,B2)

STANDARDIZE(88,48,1.6) gives the result 25

See Also

NORMDIST

NORMSDIST

4.2.322 STDEV

This function returns the standard deviation for a set of numbers.

Syntax

STDEV(value1,value2,...)

Arguments

Each argument can be a cell, a cell range, a float value, or an integer value. This function can have up to 255 arguments.

Remarks

The standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average value.

The standard deviation is calculated using the "non-biased" or "n–1" method.

The equation for calculating the standard deviation is:

where x is the value and n is the number of values.

This function assumes that its arguments are a sample of the population. If your data represents the entire population, then compute the standard deviation using the STDEVP function.

This function differs from the STDEVA, which allows text or logical values as well as numeric values.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

STDEV(A1,B2,C3,D4,E5,F6)

STDEV(A1:A9)

STDEV(R1C2,R3C4,R4C5,R7C2)

STDEV(95,89,73,87,85,76,100,96,96) gives the result 9.3422576382

See Also

AVEDEV

AVERAGE

4.2.323 STDEVA

This function returns the standard deviation for a set of numbers, text, or logical values.

Syntax

STDEVA(value1,value2,...)

Arguments

Each argument can be a cell, a cell range, a float value, an integer value, text, or a logical value. There can be up to 255 arguments. TRUE evaluates to 1 and FALSE or text evaluates to 0.

Remarks

The standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average value.

The standard deviation is calculated using the "non-biased" or "n–1" method.

The equation for calculating the standard deviation is the same as for STDEV:

STDEVA Equation

where x is the value and n is the number of values

This function assumes that its arguments are a sample of the population.

This function differs from STDEV because it accepts text or logical values as well as numeric values. Data Types

Accepts numeric, text, and logical data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

STDEVA(A1,B2,C3,D4,E5,F6)

STDEVA(A1:A9)

STDEVA(R1C2,R3C4,R4C5,R7C2)

STDEVA(95,89,73,87,85,76,100,96,96) gives the result 9.3422576382

See Also

AVEDEV

AVERAGE

STDEVPA

4.2.324 STDEVP

This function returns the standard deviation for an entire specified population (of numeric values).

Syntax

STDEVP(value1,value2,...)

Arguments

Each argument can be a cell, a cell range, a float value, or an integer value. This function can have up to 255 arguments.

Remarks

The standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average value.

The standard deviation is calculated using the "biased" or "n" method.

The equation for calculating the standard deviation for a population is:

where x is the value and n is the number of values.

This function assumes that its arguments are the entire population. If your data represents a sample of the population, then compute the standard deviation using the STDEV function.

This function differs from STDEVPA, which accepts text or logical values as well as numeric values. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

STDEVP(A1,B2,C3,D4,E5,F6)

STDEVP(A1:A9)

STDEVP(R1C2,R3C4,R4C5,R7C2)

STDEVP(95,89,73,87,85,76,100,96,96) gives the result 8.8079649700

See Also

AVERAGE

STDEVPA

4.2.325 STDEV.P

This function returns the standard deviation for an entire specified population (of numeric values).

Syntax

STDEV.P(value1,value2,...)

Arguments

Each argument can be a cell, a cell range, a float value, or an integer value. This function can have up to 255 arguments.

Remarks

The standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average value. If your data represents a sample of the population, then compute the standard deviation using the STDEV function.

The standard deviation is calculated using the "biased" or "n" method.

Logical values and text representations of numbers that are typed into the list of arguments are counted. If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are counted. Empty cells, error values, logical values, or text in the array or reference are ignored.

The equation for calculating the standard deviation for a population is:

STDEV.P Equation

where x is the sample mean, AVERAGE(number1,number2,…), and n is the number of values. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

STDEV.P(A1,B2,C3,D4,E5,F6)

STDEV.P(A1:A9)

STDEV.P(R1C2,R3C4,R4C5,R7C2)

STDEV.P(95,89,73,87,85,76,100,96,96) gives the result 8.80796497

4.2.326 STDEV.S

This function returns the standard deviation based on a sample (of numeric values).

Syntax

STDEV.S(value1,value2,...)

Arguments

Each argument can be a cell, a cell range, a float value, or an integer value. This function can have up to 255 arguments.

Remarks

The standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average value. If your data represents the entire population, then compute the standard deviation using the STDEV.P function.

The standard deviation is calculated using the "n-1" method.

The equation for calculating the standard deviation for a population is:

STDEV.S Equation

where x is the sample mean, AVERAGE(number1,number2,…), and n is the number of values. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

STDEV.S(A1,B2,C3,D4,E5,F6)

STDEV.S(A1:A9)

STDEV.S(R1C2,R3C4,R4C5,R7C2)

STDEV.S(95,89,73,87,85,76,100,96,96) gives the result 9.342257638161012

4.2.327 STDEVPA

This function returns the standard deviation for an entire specified population, including text or logical values as well as numeric values.

Syntax

STDEVPA(value1,value2,...)

Arguments

Each argument can be a cell, a cell range, a float value, text, a logical value, or an integer value. There can be up to 255 arguments. TRUE evaluates as 1. Text or FALSE evaluates as 0.

Remarks

The standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average value.

The standard deviation is calculated using the "biased" or "n" method. The equation for calculating the standard deviation for a population is:

where x is the value and n is the number of values.

This function assumes that its arguments are the entire population. If your data represents a sample of the population, then compute the standard deviation using the STDEVA function.

This function differs from STDEVP because it accepts text or logical values as well as numeric values.

Data Types

Accepts numeric, text, and logical data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

STDEVPA(A1,B2,C3,D4,E5,F6)

STDEVPA(A1:A9)

STDEVPA(R1C2,R3C4,R4C5,R7C2)

STDEVPA(95,89,73,87,85,76,100,96,96) gives the result 8.8079649700

See Also

AVERAGE

4.2.328 STEYX

This function returns the standard error of the predicted y value for each x. The standard error is a measure of the amount of error in the prediction of y for a value of x.

Syntax

STEYX(array_dep,array_ind)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array_dep Array of dependent values (y’s) array_ind Array of independent values (x’s)

The arrays must be the same size.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

STEYX(A1:A17,B1:B17)

STEYX({22,33,49,21,32,37,43},{31,28,29,42,35,37,34]) gives the result 10.14406

See Also

ERF

PEARSON

4.2.329 SUBSTITUTE

This function substitutes a new string for specified characters in an existing string.

Syntax

SUBSTITUTE(text,old_piece,new_piece,instance)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argume

Description

nt text String or reference to a cell containing the string in which you want to replace characters old_pie

String to be replaced

ce new_pie

New string to use instead of existing string

[Optional] Which occurrence of the existing string to replace; otherwise every occurrence is

instance

replaced

Remarks

Use this function to replace specific text with other text. Use the REPLACE function to replace a specific number of characters in a specific location with other characters.

Data Types

Accepts string data for the text, old_piece, and new_piece arguments, and numeric data for the instance argument. Returns string data.

Examples

SUBSTITUTE(""Down Trend"",""Down"",""Up"") gives the result Up Trend

SUBSTITUTE(""Feb 1, 1991"",""1"",""2"", 3) gives the result Feb 1, 1992

See Also

FIND

REPLACE

TRIM

4.2.330 SUBTOTAL

This function calculates a subtotal of a list of numbers using a specified built-in function.

Syntax

SUBTOTAL(functioncode,value1,value2,...)

SUBTOTAL(functioncode,array)

Arguments

The functioncode argument is the number that represents the built-in function to use for the subtotal, as given in this table.

Function Code (Include Hidden Function Code (Ignore Hidden Built-In Function

Values) Values)

COUNT	2	102
COUNTA	3	103
MAX	4	104
MIN	5	105
PRODUCT	6	106
STDEV	7	107
STDEVP	8	108
SUM	9	109
VAR	10	110

AVERAGE 1 101

VARP 11 111

Each additional argument can be a double-precision floating-point value, an integer value, or an array (cell range) of these. Up to 255 arguments can be included. You can use a single array (cell range) instead of a list of values. You can use multiple arrays (cell ranges) as well.

Remarks

The SUBTOTAL function does not include other SUBTOTAL formula results that are in the same range. Setting the row height to zero also hides the values.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SUBTOTAL(8,A1:B7)

See Also

SUM

SUMPRODUCT

4.2.331 SUM

This function returns the sum of cells or range of cells.

Syntax

SUM(value1,value2,...)

SUM(array)

SUM(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

Range references with mixed relativeness for column or row end points are not supported with the SUM function. R1C[1]:R2C[2] is okay but, R1C1:R2C[2] is not.

The SUM function ignores non-numeric values passed by reference. For example, if A1 contains TRUE, A2 contains "2", and A3 contains 4, then:

TRUE+"2"+4 evaluates to 7

A1+A2+A3 evaluates to 7

SUM(TRUE,"2",4) evaluates to 7

SUM(A1,A2,A3) evaluates to 4

The + operator provides an auto-conversion for non-numeric values passed by constant and for non-numeric values passed by reference. The SUM function provides an auto-conversion for nonnumeric values passed by constant but, ignores non-numeric values passed by reference. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SUM(A1,B7,C11)

SUM(A1:A9)

SUM(A2:A14,B2:B18,D12:D30)

SUM(R1C2,R3C5,R6C2,R1C7)

SUM(95,89,73,87,85,76,100,96,96) gives the result 797

See Also

PRODUCT

SERIESSUM

SUBTOTAL

4.2.332 SUMIF

This function adds the cells using a given criteria.

Syntax

SUMIF(array,condition,sumrange)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Range of cells to check; each cell in the array can be a double-precision floating-

array point value or an integer value

Condition that determines which cells are added, as a text, number, or expression

condition

(where expressions use the relational operators detailed in Operators in a Formula)

sumrange [Optional] Range of cells to add; if omitted, then all the cells in the array are added

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for array and sumrange. Accepts text, numeric or expression data for condition. Returns numeric data. Examples

SUMIF(A1:B7,">150",C1:C11)

SUMIF(A1:A9,">150")

See Also

COUNTIF

SUM

SUMPRODUCT

4.2.333 SUMIFS

This function adds the cells in a range using multiple criteria.

Syntax

SUMIFS(array,conditionarray,condition,...)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument	Description
array	Range of cells to check; each cell in the array can be a double-precision floatingpoint value or an integer value
conditionarray	Range of cells to check; each cell in the array can be a double-precision floatingpoint value or an integer value
condition Data Types	Condition that determines which cells are added, as a text, number, or expression (where expressions use the relational operators detailed in Operators in a Formula)

Accepts numeric data for array. Accepts text, numeric or expression data for condition. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SUMIFS(A1:A10, B1:B10,">0",C1:C10,"<10")

See Also

COUNTIF

SUM

SUMPRODUCT

4.2.334 SUMPRODUCT

This function returns the sum of products of cells. Multiplies corresponding components in the given arrays, and returns the sum of those products.

Syntax

SUMPRODUCT(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

There must be at least two arrays (array1, array2) and optionally up to 255 arrays (array3, ...) as arguments. The arrays must have the same dimension.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SUMPRODUCT(A1:A17,B1:B17,C1:C17)

SUMPRODUCT({2,3,5,6,4,7},{5,6,4,4,7,2}) gives the result 114

See Also

PRODUCT

SUM

4.2.335 SUMSQ

This function returns the sum of the squares of the arguments.

Syntax

SUMSQ(value1,value2,...)

SUMSQ(array)

SUMSQ(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SUMSQ(A1,B7,C11)

SUMSQ(A1:A9)

SUMSQ(R1C2,R3C5,R6C2,R1C7)

SUMSQ(95,89,73,87,85,76,100,96,96) gives the result 71277

See Also

SUM

SUMPRODUCT

4.2.336 SUMX2MY2

This function returns the sum of the difference of the squares of corresponding values in two arrays.

Syntax

SUMX2MY2(array_x,array_y)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array_x First array of values (x’s) array_y Second array of values (y’s) The arrays must be the same size.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SUMX2MY2(A1:A17,B1:B17)

See Also

SUM

SUMX2PY2

SUMXMY2

4.2.337 SUMX2PY2

This function returns the sum of the sum of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.

Syntax

SUMX2PY2(array_x,array_y)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array_x First array of values (x’s) array_y Second array of values (y’s)

The arrays must be the same size.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SUMX2PY2(A1:A17,B1:B17)

See Also

SUM

SUMX2MY2

SUMXMY2

4.2.338 SUMXMY2

This function returns the sum of the square of the differences of corresponding values in two arrays.

Syntax

SUMXMY2(array_x,array_y)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array_x First array of values (x’s) array_y Second array of values (y’s)

The arrays must be the same size.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SUMXMY2(A1:A17,B1:B17)

See Also

SUM

SUMX2MY2

SUMX2PY2

4.2.339 SYD

This function returns the sum-of-years’ digits depreciation of an asset for a specified period.

Syntax

SYD(cost,salvage,life,period)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argumen

Description

cost Initial cost of the asset salvage Value at the end of the depreciation life Number of periods over which the asset is being depreciated period Period for depreciation; must use the same units as the life argument.

Remarks

This function calculates the digits depreciation as follows:

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

SYD(B1,1000,10,1)

SYD(R1C2,1000,10,1)

SYD(100000,10000,5,2) gives the result $2,4000

See Also

DDB

SLN

4.2.340 T

This function returns the text in a specified cell.

Syntax

T(value)

Arguments

The argument is any cell reference.

Remarks

If the cell contains text, this function returns text. If the cell contains a number, this function returns an empty string. Data Types

Accepts cell reference. Returns string data.

Examples

T(B3) If B3 contains "Test" then this function returns "Test".

T(R3C2)

T(A1)

See Also

CHAR

ISTEXT

LEN

LOWER

UPPER

4.2.341 TAN

This function returns the tangent of the specified angle.

Syntax

TAN(angle)

Arguments

This function can take any real number as an argument. The angle argument is the angle in radians for which you want the tangent.

Remarks

If the angle is in degrees, multiply it by PI/180 to convert it to radians.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

TAN(B3)

TAN(R3C2)

TAN(45*PI()/180) gives the result 1

TAN(RADIANS(20))

See Also

ATAN

ATAN2

COS

SIN

4.2.342 TANH

This function returns the hyperbolic tangent of the specified number.

Syntax

TANH(value)

Remarks

You can use any real number for the value argument.

The equation for calculating the hyperbolic sine is:

TANH Equation

Data Types

Accepts numeric data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

TANH(B3)

TANH(R1C2)

TANH(0.5) gives the result 0.4621171573

See Also

ATAN

ATANH

COSH

SINH

TAN

4.2.343 TBILLEQ

This function returns the equivalent yield for a Treasury bill (or T-bill).

Syntax

TBILLEQ(settle,mature,discount)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle Settlement date for the Treasury bill mature Maturity date for the Treasury bill discount Discount rate for the Treasury bill

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle or mature is invalid. Settle and mature are truncated to integers. If discount is less than or equal to 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If settle is greater than mature or if mature is more than one year after settle, a #NUM! error is returned. This function is calculated as (365 x rate)/(360-(rate x DSM)), where DSM is the number of days between settle and mature computed according to the 360 days per year basis. Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

TBILLEQ(A1,B2,C3)

TBILLEQ("3/31/2003","6/1/2003",0.0532) gives the result 0.054437659 (or 5.44%)

See Also

TBILLPRICE

TBILLYIELD

4.2.344 TBILLPRICE

This function returns the price per $100 face value for a Treasury bill (or T-bill).

Syntax

TBILLPRICE(settle,mature,discount)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle Settlement date for the Treasury bill mature Maturity date for the Treasury bill discount Discount rate for the Treasury bill

Remarks

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

TBILLPRICE(A1,B2,C3)

TBILLPRICE("3/31/2003","6/1/2003",0.065)gives the result $98.88055556

See Also

TBILLEQ

TBILLYIELD

4.2.345 TBILLYIELD

This function returns the yield for a Treasury bill (or T-bill).

Syntax

TBILLYIELD(settle,mature,priceper)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle Settlement date for the Treasury bill mature Maturity date for the Treasury bill priceper Price per $100 face value for the Treasury bill

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle or mature is invalid. Settle and mature are truncated to integers. If priceper is less than or equal to 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If settle is greater than or equal to mature or if mature is more than one year after settle, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric and DateTime object data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

TBILLYIELD(A1,B2,C3)

TBILLYIELD("3/31/2003","6/1/2003",98.65)gives the result 0.0794598041299475 (or 5.80%)

See Also

TBILLEQ

TBILLPRICE

4.2.346 TDIST

This function returns the probability for the t-distribution.

Syntax

TDIST(x,deg,tails)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argu

Description

ment

x Probability of the two-tailed student’s t-distribution

Number of degrees of freedom to characterize the distribution; if not an integer, the number is deg

truncated

Number of tails to return; if not an integer, the number is truncated; for 1, returns one-tailed

tails distribution; for 2, returns two-tailed distribution

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

TDIST(A1,B45,2)

TDIST(0.245,2,1)gives the result 0.414651

See Also

FDIST

TINV

TTEST

4.2.347 T.DIST

This function returns the probability for the t-distribution.

Syntax

T.DIST(x,deg,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Numeric value used to evaluate the distribution

Number of degrees of freedom to characterize the distribution; if not an integer, the

deg number is truncated

A logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, the

cumulative function returns the cumulative distribution function; if FALSE, it returns the probability density function

Remarks

The #VALUE! error value is returned if x or deg are nonnumeric.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for x and deg arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

T.DIST(A1,B45,TRUE)

T.DIST(0.245,2,TRUE)gives the result 1.4146507236438

4.2.348 T.DIST.2T

This function returns the t-distribution.

Syntax

T.DIST.2T(x,deg)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Numeric value at which to evaluate the distribution deg Number of degrees of freedom to characterize the distribution

Remarks

The #VALUE! error value is returned if any argument is nonnumeric.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

T.DIST.2T(A1,B45,2)

T.DIST.2T(0.245,2,1)gives the result 0.414651

4.2.349 T.DIST.RT

This function returns the t-distribution.

Syntax

T.DIST.RT(x,deg)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Numeric value at which to evaluate the distribution deg Number of degrees of freedom to characterize the distribution

Remarks

The #VALUE! error value is returned if any argument is nonnumeric.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

T.DIST.RT(A1,B45)

T.DIST.RT(0.245,2) gives the result 0.41465072364379996

4.2.350 TEXT

This function formats a number and converts it to text.

Syntax

TEXT(value,text)

Arguments

The text argument requires a string. Value requires numeric data or a reference to a cell that contains numeric data.

Data Types

Returns string data.

Examples

TEXT(A1,"$0.00") gives the result $10.00 if A1 contains 10

See Also

CHAR

EXACT

4.2.351 TIME

This function returns the TimeSpan object for a specified time.

Syntax

TIME(hour,minutes,seconds)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

hour Hour as a number from 0 to 23. minutes Minutes as a number from 0 to 59. seconds Seconds as a number from 0 to 59.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns a TimeSpan object.

Examples

TIME(A1,B1,C1)

TIME(R1C1,R1C2,R1C3)

TIME(12,0,0) gives the result 12:00:00

TIME(16,48,10) gives the result 16:48:10

See Also

DAY

HOUR

MINUTE

NOW

TODAY

4.2.352 TIMEVALUE

This function returns the TimeSpan object of the time represented by a text string.

Syntax

TIMEVALUE(time_string)

Arguments

Specify a time as a text string.

Remarks

Use this function to convert a time represented by text to a TimeSpan object in standard format. The time span is an amount of days, hours, minutes, and seconds.

Data Types

Accepts string data. Returns a TimeSpan object.

Examples

TIMEVALUE(B18)

TIMEVALUE(R18C2)

TIMEVALUE("5:29") gives the result 05:29

TIMEVALUE("5:29 PM") gives the result 17:29

TIMEVALUE("17:29") gives the result 17:29

See Also

DATEVALUE

TIME

4.2.353 TINV

This function returns the t-value of the student's t-distribution as a function of the probability and the degrees of freedom.

Syntax

TINV(prog,deg)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

prog Probability of the two-tailed student’s t-distribution

Number of degrees of freedom to characterize the distribution; if not an integer, the

deg

number is truncated

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

TINV(A4,2)

TINV(0.68,4)gives the result 0.444006

See Also

TDIST

TTEST

4.2.354 T.INV

This function returns the t-value of the student's t-distribution as a function of the probability and the degrees of freedom.

Syntax

T.INV(prog,deg)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

prog Probability of the student’s t-distribution

Number of degrees of freedom to characterize the distribution; if not an integer, the

deg

number is truncated

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

T.INV(A4,2)

T.INV(0.68,4)gives the result 0.5051744394100004

4.2.355 T.INV.2T

This function returns the t-value of the student's t-distribution as a function of the probability and the degrees of freedom.

Syntax

T.INV.2T(prog,deg)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

prog Probability of the two-tailed student’s t-distribution

Number of degrees of freedom to characterize the distribution; if not an integer, the

deg

number is truncated

Remarks

The #VALUE! error value is returned if any argument is nonnumeric.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

T.INV.2T(A4,2)

T.INV.2T(0.68,4) gives the result 0.44400612800394834

4.2.356 TODAY

This function returns the date and time of the current date.

Syntax

TODAY()

Arguments

This function does not accept arguments.

Remarks

If you use this function in a date-time cell (DateTimeCellType), the cell formats the value using the date format settings.

This function is updated only when the spreadsheet or cell containing the function is recalculated. This is a volatile function.

Data Types

Does not accept data. Returns a DateTime object.

Examples

If today is the 14th of November in the year 2003, then

TODAY() gives the result November 14, 2003 12:00:00AM

See Also

DATE

DAY

NOW

TIME

4.2.357 TRANSPOSE

This function returns a vertical range of cells as a horizontal range or a horizontal range of cells as a vertical range.

Syntax

TRANSPOSE(array)

Arguments

The array argument is a range of cells or an array that you want to switch.

Remarks

This function uses the first row of the array as the first column of the new array and so on.

Use the INDEX function to get individual elements from the returned array.

Data Types

Accepts an array. Returns an array.

Examples

TRANSPOSE(A2:A5)

See Also

HLOOKUP

LOOKUP

VLOOKUP

4.2.358 TREND

This function returns values along a linear trend. This function fits a straight line to the arrays known x and y values. Trend returns the y values along that line for the array of specified new x values.

Syntax

TREND(y,x,newx,constant)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

y Set of y values that are known in the relationship y=mx+b

(Optional) X is an optional set of x values that may be known in the relationship

x y=mx+b

newx New x values for which this functions returns the corresponding y values constant Logical value that specifies whether to force the constant b to equal 0

Remarks

If constant is true or omitted then b is calculated normally. If constant is false then b is equal to 0 and the m values are adjusted so that y=mx.

If x is omitted then x defaults to the array {1,2,3...}, that has the same dimensions as y.

If newx is omitted then it defaults to x.

Use the INDEX function to get individual elements from the returned array.

Data Types

Accepts an array. Returns an array.

Examples

TREND(A2:A7,C2:C7,A9:A10)

See Also

AVEDEV

AVERAGE

DEVSQ

FREQUENCY

GROWTH

MEDIAN

VAR

4.2.359 TRIM

This function removes extra spaces from a string and leaves single spaces between words.

Syntax

TRIM(text) Arguments

The argument specifies the string containing the spaces you want to remove.

Data Types

Accepts string data. Returns string data.

Examples

TRIM("" First Quarter"") gives the result First Quarter

See Also

CLEAN

SUBSTITUTE

4.2.360 TRIMMEAN

This function returns the mean of a subset of data excluding the top and bottom data.

Syntax

TRIMMEAN(array,percent)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array of values to trim and find the mean percent Fractional amount of data in array to trim (to exclude from calculation)

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

TRIMMEAN(A1:A17,0.25)

See Also

GEOMEAN

HARMEAN

4.2.361 TRUE

This function returns the value for logical TRUE.

Syntax

TRUE()

Arguments

This function does not accept arguments.

Data Types

Does not accept data. Returns numeric (boolean) data.

Example

TRUE() gives the result 1 (TRUE)

See Also

FALSE

4.2.362 TRUNC

This function removes the specified fractional part of the specified number.

Syntax

TRUNC(value,precision)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argumen

Description

value Number to truncate

Integer representing the precision; if greater than zero, truncates to the specified number of

precision decimal places; if zero (or not specified), truncate to the nearest whole number; if less than zero, rounds the value left of the decimal to the nearest order of tens

Remarks

The TRUNC and INT functions are similar in that both can return integers. Use the TRUNC function to remove the decimal portion of the number; the TRUNC function does not round up or down. Use the INT function to round numbers down to the nearest integer based decimal portion of the number.

These functions differ also when using negative numbers: TRUNC(–4.2, 0) returns –4, but INT(– 4.2) returns –5 because –5 is the lower number.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

TRUNC(B16)

TRUNC(R16C2)

TRUNC(5.745) gives the result 5

TRUNC(-5.745) gives the result -5

TRUNC(5.745,2) gives the result 5.74

TRUNC(PI()) gives the result 3

See Also

CEILING

EVEN

FLOOR

4.2.363 TTEST

This function returns the probability associated with a t-test.

Syntax

TTEST(array1,array2,tails,type)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array1 Array of values in first data set array2 Array of values in second data set

tails Number of tails

type Type of t-test to perform (1, 2, or 3)

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

TTEST(A1:A17,B1:B17,4,3)

TTEST({2,2,2,3,4},{2,3,3,4,5},1,2)gives the result 0.126036

See Also

FTEST

TDIST

TINV

ZTEST

4.2.364 T.TEST

This function returns the probability associated with a t-test.

Syntax

T.TEST(array1,array2,tails,type)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array1 Array of values in first data set array2 Array of values in second data set

tails Number of tails

type Type of t-test to perform (1, 2, or 3)

Remarks

The tails and type arguments are truncated to integers. The #VALUE! error value is returned if tails or type is nonnumeric.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

T.TEST(A1:A17,B1:B17,4,3)

T.TEST({2,2,2,3,4},{2,3,3,4,5},1,2) gives the result 0.1260360000000153

4.2.365 TYPE

This function returns the type of value.

Syntax

TYPE(value)

Arguments

The argument is any value as summarized here:

Type of Value		Returned Number
Number	1
DateTime object	1
TimeSpan object	1
Text	2
Logical value	4
Error value	16
Array	64

Data Types

Accepts many types of data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

TYPE(G15)

TYPE(R15C7)

TYPE(154) gives the result 1

TYPE("String") gives the result 2

TYPE(TRUE) gives the result 4

See Also

ERROR.TYPE

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNUMBER

ISTEXT

4.2.366 UPPER

This function converts text to uppercase letters.

Syntax

UPPER(string)

Arguments

The argument is the text you want to convert to uppercase. The argument may be a string, a reference to a cell containing a string, or a formula that returns a string.

Remarks

This function does not change characters in value that are not letters.

Data Types

Accepts string data. Returns string data.

Examples

UPPER(G15)

UPPER(R15C7)

UPPER("Report") gives the result REPORT

UPPER(""summary"") gives the result "SUMMARY"

See Also

LOWER

PROPER

4.2.367 VALUE

This function converts a text string that is a number to a numeric value.

Syntax

VALUE(text)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

text Number in quotation marks or a reference to a cell with the text.

Remarks

The text can be in number, date, or time format. If the text is not in the correct format, a #VALUE! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts string data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

VALUE("$9,000")gives the result 9000

See Also

DOLLAR

DOLLARFR

FIXED

4.2.368 VAR

This function returns the variance based on a sample of a population, which uses only numeric values.

Syntax

VAR(value1,value2,...)

VAR(array)

VAR(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

The variance returns how spread out a set of data is.

This function uses the following equation to calculate the variance, where n is the number of values.

VAR Equation

where x is the value and n is the number of values.

This function assumes that its arguments are a sample of the population. If your data represents the entire population, then compute the variance using the VARP function.

This function differs from VARA, which accepts text and logical values as well as numeric values. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

VAR(B3,C4,B2,D10,E5)

VAR(A1:A9)

VAR(R1C2,100,R2C5,102)

VAR(R1C1:R9C1)

VAR(R1C1:R1C9)

VAR(98,85,76,87,92,89,90) gives the result 45.8095238095

See Also

AVERAGE

COVAR

4.2.369 VARA

This function returns the variance based on a sample of a population, which includes numeric, logical, or text values.

Syntax

VARA(value1,value2,...)

VARA(array)

VARA(array1,array2,...)

Remarks

Each argument can be a double-precision floating-point value, an integer value, text, a logical value, or an array (cell range) of these. Up to 255 arguments may be included. You can use a single array (cell range) instead of a list of values. You can use multiple arrays (cell ranges) as well.

Remarks

The variance returns how spread out a set of data is.

This function uses the following equation to calculate the variance, where n is the number of values.

VARA Equation

where x is the value and n is the number of values.

This function assumes that its arguments are a sample of the population. If your data represents the entire population, then compute the variance using the VARPA function.

This function differs from VAR because it accepts text and logical values as well as numeric values. Data Types

Accepts numeric, logical, and text data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

VARA(B3,C4,B2,D10,E5)

VARA(A1:A9)

VARA(R1C2,100,R2C5,102)

VARA(R1C1:R9C1)

VARA(R1C1:R1C9)

VARA(98,85,76,87,92,89,90) gives the result 45.8095238095

See Also

AVERAGEA

VARP

4.2.370 VARP

This function returns variance based on the entire population, which uses only numeric values.

Syntax

VARP(value1,value2,...)

VARP(array)

VARP(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

The variance returns how spread out a set of data is.

This function uses the following equation to calculate the variance, where n is the number of values.

VARP Equation

where x is the value and n is the number of values.

This function assumes that its arguments are the entire population. If your data represents only a sample of the population, then compute the variance using the VAR function.

This function differs from VARPA, which accepts logical or text values as well as numeric values. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

VARP(B3,C4,B2,D10,E5)

VARP(A1:A9) VARP(R1C2,100,R2C5,102)

VARP(98,85,76,87,92,89,90) gives the result 39.2653061224

See Also

AVERAGE

4.2.371 VAR.P

This function returns variance based on the entire population, which uses only numeric values.

Syntax

VAR.P(value1,value2,...)

VAR.P(array)

VAR.P(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

The variance returns how spread out a set of data is.

VAR.P Equation

where x is the sample mean AVERAGE(number1,number2,…) and n is the number of values.

This function assumes that its arguments are the entire population. If your data represents only a sample of the population, then compute the variance using the VAR.S function.

This function differs from VARPA, which accepts logical or text values as well as numeric values. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

VAR.P(B3,C4,B2,D10,E5)

VAR.P(A1:A9)

VAR.P(R1C2,100,R2C5,102)

VAR.P(98,85,76,87,92,89,90) gives the result 39.265306122448976

4.2.372 VARPA

This function returns variance based on the entire population, which includes numeric, logical, or text values.

Syntax

VARPA(value1,value2,...)

VARPA(array)

VARPA(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

The variance returns how spread out a set of data is.

This function uses the following equation to calculate the variance, where n is the number of values.

where x is the value and n is the number of values.

This function assumes that its arguments are the entire population. If your data represents only a

sample of the population, then compute the variance using the VARA function.

This function differs from VARP because it accepts logical and text values as well as numeric values. Data Types

Accepts numeric, logical, and text data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

VARPA(B3,C4,B2,D10,E5)

VARPA(A1:A9) VARPA(R1C2,100,R2C5,102)

VARPA(98,85,76,87,92,89,90) gives the result 39.2653061224

See Also

AVERAGEA

4.2.373 VAR.S

This function returns variance based on a sample, which uses only numeric values.

Syntax

VAR.S(value1,value2,...)

VAR.S(array)

VAR.S(array1,array2,...)

Arguments

Remarks

The variance returns how spread out a set of data is.

Logical values and text representations of numbers that are typed into the list of arguments are

counted. If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are counted. Empty cells, error values, logical values, or text in the array or reference are ignored. This function uses the following equation to calculate the variance,

where x is the sample mean AVERAGE(number1,number2,…) and n is the number of values.

This function differs from VARA, which accepts logical or text values as well as numeric values. Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

VAR.S(B3,C4,B2,D10,E5)

VAR.S(A1:A9)

VAR.S(R1C2,100,R2C5,102)

VAR.S(98,85,76,87,92,89,90) gives the result 45.80952381

4.2.374 VDB

This function returns the depreciation of an asset for any period you specify using the variable declining balance method.

Syntax

VDB(cost,salvage,life,start,end,factor,switchnot)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

cost Initial cost of the asset salvage Value at the end of the depreciation period life Number of periods over which the asset is being depreciated

Number representing the starting period for which to calculate the depreciation in the

start same units as life; if not an integer, the number is truncated

Number representing the ending period for which to calculate the depreciation in the end

same units as life; if not an integer, the number is truncated

factor [Optional] Rate at which the balance declines; if omitted, uses two (2)

[Optional] Logical value specifying whether to switch to straight-line depreciation when

switchnot depreciation is greater than the declining balance calculation; if omitted uses FALSE

Remarks

If factor is omitted, the calculation uses two, which represents the double-declining balance method. For other methods, use a different value. For more information about the double-declining balance method, see DDB.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

VDBD(B1,1000,10,1,8)

VDB(50000,500,1200,100,1000,1) gives the result $37,122.94

See Also

DDB

SLN

SYD

4.2.375 VLOOKUP

This function searches for a value in the leftmost column and returns a value in the same row from a column you specify.

Syntax

VLOOKUP(value,array,colindex,approx)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

value Value for which to search array Array or cell range that contains the data to search colindex Column number in the array from which the matching value is returned

[Optional] Logical value indicating whether to find an approximate match; if omitted,

approx uses TRUE and finds an approximate match

Remarks

If approx is FALSE, it finds an exact match, not an approximate match. If it cannot find one, it returns an #N/A error value.

If approx is TRUE or omitted, and the value cannot be found, then the largest value that is less than the value is used.

This function is similar to HLOOKUP except that it searches vertically (by column), instead of by row (horizontally).

Data Types

Accepts numeric or string data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

VLOOKUP(2,A1:D10,3)

See Also

LOOKUP

4.2.376 WEEKDAY

This function returns the number corresponding to the day of the week for a specified date.

Syntax

WEEKDAY(date,type)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Date for which you want to determine the day of the week

date provided

[Optional] Number that represents the numbering scheme for

type the returned weekday value; can be any of:

Value	Number returned
1 or omitted	Numbers 1 (Sunday) through 7 (Saturday)
2	Numbers 1 (Monday) through 7 (Sunday)
3	Numbers 0 (Monday) through 6 (Sunday)

Remarks

The returned day of the week is given as an integer, ranging from 0 to 6 or 1 to 7, depending on the setting of the type argument.

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, or DateTime object for both arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

WEEKDAY(A2)

WEEKDAY(R2C1)

WEEKDAY(36828) gives the result 1 equivalent to Sunday

WEEKDAY(46,2) gives the result 3

See Also

DATE

DAY

MONTH

WEEKNUM

WORKDAY

4.2.377 WEEKNUM

This function returns a number that indicates the week of the year numerically.

Syntax

WEEKNUM(date,weektype)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Date for which you want to determine the number of

date

week

Type of week determined by on which day the week

weektype

starts

Value Number returned

1 (assumed if omitted) Week starts on a Sunday

2 Week starts on a Monday

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, DateTime object, or TimeSpan object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

WEEKNUM(A2)

WEEKNUM(R2C1,2)

WEEKNUM(23,1) gives the result 4

See Also

MONTH

WEEKDAY

4.2.378 WEIBULL

This function returns the two-parameter Weibull distribution, often used in reliability analysis.

Syntax

WEIBULL(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Value at which to evaluate the distribution alpha Scale parameter of the distribution, represented by alpha beta Shape parameter of the distribution, represented by beta cumulative Logical value that determines the form of the function If cumulative is TRUE, then this function returns the cumulative distribution function; if FALSE, it returns the probability mass function.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments except cumulative, which is logical (boolean). Returns numeric data.

Examples

WEIBULL(3,D4,D5,FALSE)

WEIBULL(50,10,20,TRUE)

See Also

BINOMDIST

4.2.379 WEIBULL.DIST

This function returns the two-parameter Weibull distribution, often used in reliability analysis.

Syntax

WEIBULL.DIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

x Value at which to evaluate the distribution alpha Scale parameter of the distribution, represented by alpha beta Shape parameter of the distribution, represented by beta

Logical value that determines the form of the function. If cumulative is TRUE, then this

cumulative function returns the cumulative distribution function; if FALSE, it returns the probability mass function

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments except cumulative, which is logical (boolean). Returns numeric data.

Examples

WEIBULL.DIST(3,D4,D5,FALSE)

WEIBULL.DIST(50,10,20,TRUE)

4.2.380 WORKDAY

This function returns the number of working days before or after the starting date.

Syntax

WORKDAY(startdate,numdays,holidays)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

startdate	Date that is the starting date; a number (as in 37806.5), or a DateTime object, as in DATE(2003,7,4)
numdays	Number of non-weekend or non-holiday days before or after the starting date; days in the future are positive and days in the past are negative; if not an integer, the number is truncated
holidays	[Optional] Range of dates to exclude from the calculation; if omitted, the calculation assumes no holidays and all weekdays are workdays

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, or DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

WORKDAY(A2,A4)

WORKDAY(R2C1,R5C5)

WORKDAY(A1,A2,A5:A7)

See Also

DATE

MONTH

NETWORKDAYS

4.2.381 WORKDAY.INTL

This function returns the serial number of the date before or after a specified number of workdays with custom weekend parameters.

Syntax

WORKDAY.INTL(startdate,numdays,weekend,holidays)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Date that is the starting date; a number (as in 37806.5), or a DateTime object, as in

startdate

DATE(2003,7,4)

Number of workdays before or after the starting date; days in the future are positive

numdays

and days in the past are negative; if not an integer, the number is truncated

[Optional] A number or string that specifies when weekends occur. Weekend days are

weekend days of the week that are not counted as working days

[Optional] Range of dates to exclude from the calculation; if omitted, the calculation

holidays assumes no holidays and all weekdays are workdays

The following table lists the weekend number values:

Number	Day
1 or omitted	Saturday, Sunday
2	Sunday, Monday
3	Monday, Tuesday
4	Tuesday, Wednesday
5	Wednesday, Thursday
6	Thursday, Friday

7 Friday, Saturday

11 Sunday only

12 Monday only

13 Tuesday only

14 Wednesday only

15 Thursday only

16 Friday only

17 Saturday only

Remarks

Weekend days and holidays are not considered to be workdays.

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, or DateTime object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

WORKDAY.INTL(A2,A4)

WORKDAY.INTL(R2C1,R5C5)

WORKDAY.INTL(A1,A2,A5:A7)

4.2.382 XIRR

This function calculates the internal rate of return for a schedule of cash flows that may not be periodic.

Syntax

XIRR(values,dates,guess)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

Series of cash flows that correspond to a schedule of payments in dates. The first

values payment is optional and corresponds to a cost or payment that occurs at the beginning of the investment

dates Schedule of payment dates that corresponds to the cash flow payments in values

[Optional] Estimate of the internal rate of return that you guess is close to the result of

guess this function; if omitted, the calculation uses 0.1 (10 percent)

Remarks

For a schedule of cash flows that is periodic, use IRR. Numbers in dates are truncated to integers. Both a positive and negative cash flow are required to prevent a #NUM! error. A #VALUE! error is returned if dates is invalid. If a number in dates precedes the starting date, a #NUM! error is returned. If values and dates contain a different number of values, a #NUM! error is returned. If the function can not find a result that works after 100 tries, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for values and guess, DateTime object data for dates. Returns numeric data.

Examples

XIRR(B2:B6,C2:C6,0.2)

See Also

MIRR

XNPV

4.2.383 XNPV

This function calculates the net present value for a schedule of cash flows that may not be periodic.

Syntax

XNPV(rate,values,dates)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

rate Discount rate to apply to the cash flows

Series of cash flows that correspond to a schedule of payments in dates. The first

values payment is optional and corresponds to a cost or payment that occurs at the beginning of the investment

dates Schedule of payment dates that corresponds to the cash flow payments in values

Remarks

Numbers in dates are truncated to integers. A #VALUE! error is returned if any argument is nonnumeric or if any date is invalid. If a number in dates precedes the starting date, a #NUM! error is returned. If values and dates have a different number of values, a #NUM! error is returned.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for rate and values, and DateTime object data for dates. Returns numeric data.

Examples

XNPV(0.09,B2:B6,C2:C6)

See Also

IRR

MIRR

NPV

XIRR

4.2.384 YEAR

This function returns the year as an integer for a specified date.

Syntax

YEAR(date)

Arguments

Remarks

The widget correctly treats the year 1900 as a non-leap year and uses a base date of 12/31/1899. Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, DateTime object, or TimeSpan object data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

YEAR(A2)

YEAR(R2C1)

YEAR(0.007) gives the result (which may be different from Excel) 1899

YEAR(DATE(2004,8,9)) gives the result 2004

YEAR(38208) gives the result 2004

YEAR("8/9/2004") gives the result 2004

See Also

DATE

MONTH

TODAY

YEARFRAC

4.2.385 YEARFRAC

This function returns the fraction of the year represented by the number of whole days between the

start and end dates.

Syntax

YEARFRAC(startdate,enddate,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

startdate Starting date (DateTime object) enddate Ending date (DateTime object) basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This functions returns an error when start, end, or basis is invalid.

Data Types

Accepts numeric, string, DateTime object data for the date arguments and numeric data for the optional argument. Returns numeric data.

Examples

YEARFRAC(A1,A2,A3)

See Also

DATE

MONTH

TODAY

YEAR

4.2.386 YIELD

This function calculates the yield on a security that pays periodic interest.

Syntax

YIELD(settle,maturity,rate,price,redeem,frequency,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle	Settlement date for the security
maturity	Maturity date for the security
rate	Annual coupon rate
price	Price per $100 face value for the security
redeem	Redemption value per $100 face value
frequency	Frequency of payment, number of coupon payments per year; must be 1, 2, or 4
basis	[Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle or maturity is invalid. A #NUM! error is returned if frequency is a number other than 1, 2, or 4. If rate is less than 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If price or redeem is less than or equal to 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. If settle is greater than or equal to maturity, a #NUM! error is returned. Settle, maturity, frequency, and basis are truncated to integers.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data and dates. Returns numeric data.

Examples

YIELD(A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6,A7)

See Also

ODDFYIELD

YIELDDISC

YIELDMAT

4.2.387 YIELDDISC

This function calculates the annual yield for a discounted security.

Syntax

YIELDDISC(settle,maturity,price,redeem,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle Settlement date for the security maturity Maturity date for the security price Price per $100 face value for the security redeem Redemption value per $100 face value basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle or maturity is invalid. If price or redeem is less than or equal to 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. If settle is greater than or equal to maturity, a #NUM! error is returned. Settle, maturity, and basis are truncated to integers.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data and dates. Returns numeric data.

Examples

YIEDDISC(B1,B2,B3,B4,B5)

See Also

ODDLYIELD

YIELD

YIELDMAT

4.2.388 YIELDMAT

This function calculates the annual yield of a security that pays interest at maturity.

Syntax

YIELDMAT(settle,maturity,issue,issrate,price,basis)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

settle Settlement date for the security maturity Maturity date for the security issue Issue date for the security issrate Interest rate for the security at the date of issue price Price per $100 face value for the security basis [Optional] Integer representing the basis for day count (Refer to Day Count Basis.)

Remarks

This function returns a #VALUE! error when settle, maturity, or issue is invalid. If issrate is less than

0 or price is less than or equal to 0, a #NUM! error is returned. If basis is less than 0 or greater than 4, a #NUM! error is returned. If settle is greater than or equal to maturity, a #NUM! error is returned. Settle, maturity, issue, and basis are truncated to integers.

Data Types

Accepts numeric and date data. Returns numeric data.

Examples

YIELDMAT(C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6)

See Also

PRICEMAT

YIELD

YIELDDISC

4.2.389 ZTEST

This function returns the significance value of a z-test. The z-test generates a standard score for x with respect to the set of data and returns the two-tailed probability for the normal distribution.

Syntax

ZTEST(array,x,sigma)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array of data to test x Value at which to test

[Optional] Known standard deviation for the population; if omitted, the calculation uses

sigma

the sample standard deviation

Remarks

If sigma is not specified, the calculated standard deviation of the data in array is used.

The equation for calculating the z-test is as follows, where n is the number of data points.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

ZTEST(A2:D12,40,0.877)

ZTEST(R2C1:R12C4,2)

ZTEST({5,10,15,12,11,8,16,7},10) gives the result 0.355512703503418

ZTEST({5,10,15,12,11,8,16,7},10,3) gives the result 0.318675944098237

See Also

FTEST

TTEST

4.2.390 Z.TEST

Syntax

Z.TEST(array,x,sigma)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument Description

array Array of data to test x Value at which to test

[Optional] Known standard deviation for the population; if omitted, the calculation

sigma

uses the sample standard deviation

Remarks

If sigma is not specified, the calculated standard deviation of the data in array is used.

The equation for calculating the z-test is as follows, where n is the number of data points.

Data Types

Accepts numeric data for all arguments. Returns numeric data.

Examples

Z.TEST(A2:D12,40,0.877)

Z.TEST(R2C1:R12C4,2)

Z.TEST({5,10,15,12,11,8,16,7},10) gives the result 0.355512703503418

Z.TEST({5,10,15,12,11,8,16,7},10,3) gives the result 0.31867594409823696

4.3 SmartSpreadsheet Formula Functions

SmartSpreadsheet provides these built-in functions, listed alphabetically.

QAGGRDATA	QGETVAR
QEVAL	QNEXTDATA
QGETDATA	QPREVDATA
QGETDIM	QSETVAR

4.3.1 QAGGRDATA

This function returns the value of a measure based on its record number.

Syntax

QAGGRDATA("Result Dimension","Aggregation Type","Default Value",

"Dimension 1 Filter Name","Dimension 1 Filter Value",

"Dimension n Filter Name","Dimension n Filter Value" )

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument

Result Dimension

Description

The name of the desired Measure.

Aggregation Type Select between SUM and COUNT.

Default Value	The returned value if the result of the function is null.
Dimension 1-n Filter Name	The Dimension(s) based on which we want to filter the results.
Dimension 1-n Filter Name
Dimension 1-n Filter Value	The specific cell on which the value of the Filter Name Dimension is located.

Data Types

The "Dimension Name" Argument accepts Dimension or Measure values from the drop down menu.

The "Aggregation Type" Argument accepts values from the drop down menu(SUM or COUNT).

The "Default Value" Argument accepts alphanumeric values.

The "Dimension 1-n Filter Name" Argument accepts accepts Dimension or Measure values from the drop down menu

The "Dimension 1-n Filter Value" Argument accepts cell name values(you can use the + button after clicking on a specific cell)..

Returns same data type as Result Dimension type.

Examples

QAGGRDATA("sum([Sales])","SUM","0"). This example will return the summary of sales.

If the result is null then the returned value is 0.

QAGGRDATA("sum([Sales]","SUM","0","Customer","B3"). This example will return the summary of sales where the "Customer" is on the Cell B3. If the result is null then the returned value is 0.

See Also

QGETDATA

4.3.2 QEVAL

This function returns the value of a Qlikview expression.

Syntax

QEVAL("Expression" )

Examples

QEVAL("=sum({<[YearMonth]={"&C2&"}>}[Amount])" ).

4.3.3 QGETDATA

This function returns the value of a dimension or measure based on its record number.

Syntax

QGETDATA("Dimension Name ","Record Number","Default Value",

"Dimension 1 Filter Name","Dimension 1 Filter Value",

"Dimension n Filter Name","Dimension n Filter Value" )

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument	Description
Dimension Name	The name of the desired Dimension or Measure.
Record Number	The desired record number of the above Dimension or Measure
Default Value	The returned value if the result is null.
Dimension 1-n Filter Name	The Dimension based on which we want to filter the results.
Dimension 1-n Filter Value	The specific cell on which the value of the Filter Name Dimension is located.

Data Types

The "Dimension Name" Argument accepts Dimension or Measure values from the drop down menu.

The "Record Number" Argument accepts numeric values.

The "Default Value" Argument accepts alphanumeric values.

The "Dimension 1-n Filter Name" Argument accepts accepts Dimension or Measure values from the drop down menu

The "Dimension 1-n Filter Value" Argument accepts cell name values(you can use the + button after clicking on a specific cell)..

Returns same data type as Dimension Name type.

Examples

QGETDATA("Customer","8","0"). This example will return the value of the "Customer" dimension with the record number 8 .

If the result is null then the returned value is 0.

QGETDATA("Customer","8","0","Country","15"). This example will return the value of the

"Customer" dimension with the record number 8 filtering by the "Country" dimension with the record number 15.

If the result is null then the returned value is 0.

See Also

QAGGRDATA

4.3.4 QGETDIM

This function returns an array of values in ascending numbering based on a qlikview dimension or a measure.

Syntax

QGETDIM("Dimension Name ", RecordCount)

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument	Description
Dimension Name	The name of the desired Dimension or Measure.
RecordCount	The number of the returned records.

Data Types

For the Dimension Name Argument accepts values from the drop down menu.

For the RecordCount Argument accepts numeric values.

Returns array of data.

Examples

QGETDIM("Customer",10). This example will return an array with the first 10 values (ascending) of the dimension "Customer".

See Also

QGETDATA

4.3.5 QGETVAR

This function returns the value of a specific Variable.

Syntax

QGETVAR("Variable Name ")

Arguments

The only argument is the Name of the Variable.

See Also

QSETVAR

4.3.6 QNEXTDATA

This function returns the next record of a dimension or measure located in a specific cell.

Syntax

QNEXTDATA("Dimension Name ","Key Value","Default Value")

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument	Description
Dimension Name	The name of the desired Dimension or Measure.
Key Value	The cell name of the existing Dimension or Measure value.
Default Value	The returned value if the result of the function is null.

Data Types

The "Dimension Name" Argument accepts values from the drop down menu.

The "Key Value" Argument accepts cell name values(you can use the + button after clicking on a specific cell).

The "Default Value" Argument accepts alphanumeric values.

Returns same data type as Dimension Name type.

Examples

QNEXTDATA("Customer",B3,"0"). This example will return the next record of the "Customer" dimension value located in the B3 cell.

If the result is null then the returned value is 0.

See Also

QPREVDATA

4.3.7 QPREVDATA

This function returns the previous record of a dimension or measure located in a specific cell.

Syntax

QPREVDATA("Dimension Name ","Key Value","Default Value")

Arguments

This function has these arguments:

Argument	Description
Dimension Name	The name of the desired Dimension or Measure.
Key Value	The cell name of the existing Dimension or Measure value.
Default Value	The returned value if the result of the function is null.

Data Types

The "Dimension Name" Argument accepts values from the drop down menu.

The "Key Value" Argument accepts cell name values(you can use the + button after clicking on a specific cell).

The "Default Value" Argument accepts alphanumeric values.

Returns same data type as Dimension Name type.

Examples

QPREVDATA("Customer",B3,"0"). This example will return the previous record of the "Customer" dimension value located in the B3 cell.

If the result is null then the returned value is 0.

See Also

QNEXTDATA

4.3.8 QSETVAR

This function sets the value of a specific Variable.

Syntax

QSETVAR("Variable Name","Value")

Arguments

Argument

Description

Variable Name The Name of the specific Variable.

Value The Value we want to give to the Variable.

See Also

QGETVAR